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THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 


B 


RZtxIp 


H1INCIS 

MIS  HISTORICAL  SURVEY 


Anne  Royall 


THE  LIFE  AND  TIMES 

OF 

ANNE  ROYALL 


BY 


SARAH  HARVEY  PORTER,  M.  A. 

Member  of  the  Columbia  Historical  Society 
Washington,  D.  C. 


PUBLISHED  AT  CEDAR  RAPIDS 
IOWA  IN  1909  BY  THE 
TORCH  PRESS  BOOK  SHOP 


COPYRIGHT.  1908.  BY 
THE  TORCH  PRESS 


To  the 
Memory  of  an  American 
Citizen  of  the  Highest  Type 
Benjamin  Evans  Porter 
this  Representation  of  Our 
Country's  Earlier  Days  is 
Dedicated  with  Sisterly 
Affection     :     :     :     :     : 


He  could  not  frame  a  Word  unfit, 

An  act  unworthy  to  be  done — emerson 


553606 


Contents 


Introduction      ..... 

9 

Chapter  I 

Childhood 

17 

Chapter  II 

Girlhood  and  Marriage 

31 

Chapter  III 

Anne  Eoyall  in  Her  Prime 

44 

Chapter  IV 

Northern   Tour         .... 

59 

Chapter  V 

Mrs.  Royall  as  an  Author 

76 

Chapter  VI 

Freemasonry    ..... 

92 

Chapter  VII 

Mrs.  Royall  versus  Evangelicalism     . 

114 

Chapter  VIII 

The  Trial 

131 

Chapter  IX 

Mrs.  Royall  as  a  Journalist 

146 

Chapter  X 

Paul  Pry         ..... 

166 

Chapter  XI 

The  Huntress  ..... 

177 

Chapter  XII 

The   West 

192 

Chapter  XIII 

Old  Age 

212 

Chapter  XIV 

Conclusion        ..... 

228 

Appendices 

Appendix  A    . 

239 

Appendix  B     . 

247 

Appendix  C     . 

254 

Introduction 

In  overflowing  measure  ridicule,  injustice,  and 
vilifying  persecution  were  poured  upon  Anne  Royall 
while  she  yet  walked  on  earth  —  the  most  widely 
known  woman  of  her  day  and  country.  Dead,  she 
has  been  long  forgotten.  Nine  readers  out  of  ten, 
seeing  her  name  upon  this  title-page,  will  ask,  "Who 
was  Anne  Royall?" 

Even  in  the  city  of  "Washington,  the  scene  of  her 
greatest  and  longest  activity,  Mrs.  Royall  is  thought 
of,  by  the  few  who  think  of  her  at  all,  as  a  shrill- 
tongued  old  infidel,  beggar,  and  black-mailer  who, 
convicted  by  jury  of  being  a  common  scold,  narrowly 
escaped  an  official  ducking  in  the  Potomac.  This 
unpleasing  picture  of  Anne  Royall,  along  with  a 
mythical  story  that  she  was  for  years  a  captive  among 
Indians,  is  preserved  in  several  more  or  less  gossipy 
contributions  to  Washingtoniana,  and  from  them  has 
been  copied,  almost  word  for  word,  by  the  biograph- 
ical dictionaries  and  encyclopaedias. 

An  allusion  in  an  important  historical  work  to 
"that  common  scold,  Anne  Royall,"  aroused  my  cu- 
riosity. I  sought  Mrs.  Royall's  ten  volumes  of  Trav- 
els in  the  United  States  and  the  files  of  her  news- 
papers published  weekly  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
century  in  Washington,  D.  C.     In  spite  of  their  crude 


10  INTRODUCTION 

vehemence,  I  found  these  writings  to  be  the  expression 
of  a  sane,  generous,  virile  and  entertaining  personality. 

Led  by  psychological,  rather  than  by  historical, 
interest,  I  began  a  search  for  Mrs.  Royall's  maiden 
name  and  other  primary  biographical  facts  concern- 
ing her  which  had  long  been  missing.  Searching  for 
those  facts  has  been  like  hunting  for  a  dozen  needles, 
each  hidden  in  a  different  haystack.  Ancient  re- 
cords of  the  District  of  Columbia,  of  five  states,  and 
of  more  than  a  score  of  cities  have  been  scanned  care- 
fully; many  libraries  and  bookshops  have  been  ran- 
sacked; correspondence  has  been  carried  on  with  sec- 
retaries of  Masonic  lodges  and  with  local  historians 
in  many  different  sections  of  the  United  States;  the 
War  Department,  the  Pension  Office,  the  State  De- 
partment and  the  Bureau  of  Indian  Affairs  have 
yielded  help ;  annals  of  the  American  Revolution  have 
been  studied;  every  line  of  Mrs.  Royall's  voluminous 
writings  has  been  read,  and  oral  tradition  has  been 
sifted  with  care.  My  research  has  covered  several 
years.  The  result  is  the  discovery  of  biographical 
material  which  seems  to  show  that  Mrs.  Royall  was 
really  far  less  black  than  she  has  been  painted. 

Anne  Royal,  however,  is  not  a  figure  of  historic 
national  importance.  Neither  do  her  writings  pos- 
sess sufficient  intrinsic  merit  to  rank  as  literature. 
Nevertheless,  there  are  good  reasons  why  the  dust 
of  prejudice  and  oblivion  should  be  blown  from  her 
tomb.  In  the  first  place,  justice  is  due  her.  It  is 
never  too  late  to  right  a  wrong  where  biography  is 
concerned.  Anne  Royall's  life-span  stretched  from 
George  the  Third  to  the  political  rise  of  Abraham 


INTRODUCTION  11 

Lincoln.  Her  personal  history  is  more  closely  inter- 
twined with,  and  more  analogous  to,  the  growth  of 
our  Republic  than  that  of  any  other  woman  of  whom 
record  is  preserved.  Her  courage  deserves  remem- 
brance. At  a  time  when  a  narrow,  and  now  obsolete, 
theology  reigned  almost  supreme  in  the  United  States, 
Anne  Royal  dared  to  think  her  own  thoughts,  and  to 
proclaim  them  from  the  house-tops  —  often,  it  must 
be  confessed,  in  ungentle  words.  In  regard  to  Cal- 
vinistic  dogmas,  she  stood  exactly  where  the  churches 
that  condemned  her  stand  today.  Mrs.  Royall  was 
an  observant  traveler.  She  visited  every  city, 
town,  and  village  of  importance  in  the  United 
States  of  her  day.  Her  recorded  impressions  and  de- 
scriptions of  her  journeyings  are  of  considerable 
sociological  importance  to  the  student  of  American 
culture-history.  She  was  a  pioneer  woman  journalist. 
During  thirty  years  there  was  not  a  famous  man  or 
woman  in  the  country  whom  Mrs.  Royall  did  not 
interview.  She  met  and  talked  with  every  man  who 
became  President  of  the  United  States  from  George 
"Washington  to  Abraham  Lincoln,  inclusive.  Many  of 
her  almost  innumerable  pen-portraits  of  noted  Amer- 
icans are  of  extreme  historical  value.  During  the 
long  Jacksonian  era,  Mrs.  Royall  was  a  force.  Against 
that  shadowy  army,  the  alleged  secret  Church  and 
State  party,  she  wielded  her  free-lance  with  superb 
courage  and  telling  effect.  She  very  materially  aided 
the  cause  of  Freemasonry.  In  short,  Anne  Royall's 
life,  in  personal  desire,  thought,  and  effort,  made  for 
race-advancement.  Why,  then,  the  question  is  quick- 
ly asked,  has  Anne  Royall  been  forgotten  —  the  im- 


12  INTRODUCTION 

plication  of  the  query  being  that  the  world  remembers 
everybody  worth  remembering.  The  world  does  no 
such  thing.  For  instance,  the  world  has  quite  for- 
gotten Hubert  Languet,  the  man  who  made  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  what  he  became  —  the  ideal  answering  to  the 
word  "gentleman"  wherever  the  English  language  is 
spoken.  Yet  not  oftener  than  once  in  a  century  is  a 
mind  like  that  of  Hubert  Languet  embodied  on  this 
planet.  The  world  is  always  in  a  hurry.  "When 
great  social  and  political  changes  come  tumbling  over 
each  other  many  men  and  women  worthy  of  remem- 
brance go  under  and  never  reappear  upon  the  sea  of 
popular  thought.  The  cataclysm  of  the  civil  war  in 
our  own  country  buried  hundreds  of  thinkers  and 
doers  —  many  of  them  far  abler  persons  than  Anne 
Royall. 

Furthermore,  the  causes  for  which  Mrs.  Royall 
worked  —  sound  money,  Sunday  mail-transportation, 
liberal  immigration  laws,  and  the  like  —  were  not 
soul-compelling.  They  appealed  to  reason  and  to 
common-sense  rather  than  to  the  emotions.  The  dis- 
repute into  which  her  fierce  opposition  to  the  pre- 
vailing theology  of  her  day  brought  her,  also  hastened 
her  march  to  oblivion.  In  some  places  almost  entire 
editions  of  her  books  were  bought  and  destroyed  by 
her  opponents.  It  was  Mrs.  Royall 's  misfortune  not 
to  live  in  Boston.  New  England  always  remembers 
her  minor  as  well  as  her  major  prophets  —  those  that 
she  stoned  no  less  than  those  that  she  received  gladly. 
Washington,  on  the  other  hand,  has  been  until  very 
recently,  a  city  of  shifting  population.  Each  admin- 
istration  brought   in    its   own    celebrities.     The    old 


INTRODUCTION  13 

ones,  especially  the  shabby  old  ones  like  Mrs.  Royall, 
were  soon  lost  to  sight.  Not  until  the  formation  of 
the  Columbia  Historical  Society  in  1895  did  either 
Washington  city  or  the  country  at  large  realize  what 
a  mine  of  wealth  (information  relating  to  every  phase 
of  American  development)  lay  waiting  to  be  worked 
at  the  national  capital. 

But,  after  all,  the  main  reason  why  Anne  Royall 
should  be  resurrected  is  the  fact  that,  though  long 
entombed,  she  is  still  very  much  alive.  To  speak  in 
the  vernacular,  she  is  exceedingly  good  fun.  Her 
personality  is  so  strong,  her  turns  of  speech  are  so 
unexpected,  her  common-sense  is  so  refreshing,  and 
her  ability  in  controversy  to  hit  the  nail  on  the  head 
is  so  unfailing  that  any  reader  with  the  slightest 
sense  of  humor  must  find  her  decidedly  amusing.  In 
this  biography,  therefore,  I  shall,  wherever  possible, 
allow  Mrs.  Royall  to  speak  for  herself.  A  few  pref- 
atory statements,  however,  briefly  epitomizing  her 
career,  may  prove  useful  to  those  who  care  to  follow 
chronologically  the  development  of  Anne  Newport 
Royall 's  interesting  personality. 

Anne  Newport  was  born  in  Maryland,  June  11, 
1769.  Leaving  Maryland  with  her  parents  at  the  age 
of  three  years,  she  lived  on  the  frontier  of  Pennsyl- 
vania until  she  was  thirteen  years  old,  suffering  there 
all  the  rigor  and  dangers  of  pioneer  life  in  an  Indian- 
haunted  country.  In  1797  she  married  Captain  Wil- 
liam Royall,  an  officer  of  the  war  of  the  American 
Revolution,  and  a  Virginia  gentleman  of  wealth  and 
of  high  family.  Anne  first  met  Captain  Royall,  who 
was  many  years  her  senior,  under  romantic  circum- 


14  INTRODUCTION 

stances  and  from  him  received  the  greater  part  of  her 
excellent  education.  Left  a  widow  and  losing,  by  an 
adverse  legal  decision,  the  fortune  bequeathed  to  her 
by  her  husband,  Mrs.  Eoyall  came  to  Washington  in 
1824,  hoping  to  secure  a  pension  from  Congress. 
Aided  by  the  Masons,  she  traveled  extensively  in  the 
United  States  between  the  years  1824  and  1831  and 
also,  between  those  dates,  published  a  novel  and  ten 
volumes  of  Travels.  In  1831  she  established  in  Wash- 
ington a  small  newspaper  named  Paul  Pry  —  an  in- 
dependent sheet  which  fought  vigorously  Anti-Mason- 
ry, the  Church  and  State  supporters,  and  the  United 
States  Bank.  Contrary  to  traditional  belief  (founded 
on  its  unfortunate  name  and  the  adoption  of  that 
name  by  several  vile  sheets  of  a  later  date)  the  Paul 
Pry  did  not  deal  in  scandal.  Both  Paul  Pry  and  its 
far  abler  successor,  The  Huntress,  were  clean  news- 
papers. 

In  1829  Mrs.  Royall  was  arrested,  tried,  and  con- 
victed in  Washington  on  the  charge  of  being  a  com- 
mon scold  —  a  charge  which  was  obsolete  even  in  the 
remotest  parts  of  Europe  at  that  date.  The  accusation 
was  brought  by  persons  connected  with  a  small  Pres- 
byterian congregation  which  worshiped  in  an  engine 
house  near  Mrs.  Royall's  dwelling  on  Capitol  Hill. 
There  is  much  reason  to  believe,  however,  that  the 
real  instigators  of  the  arrest  were  men  living  outside 
of  Washington,  and  prominently  identified  with  the 
then  burning  question  of  Anti-Masonry  and  other 
causes  and  institutions  which  Anne  Royall  had  bitterly 
and  effectively  attacked  in  her  widely  read  Black  Book. 


INTRODUCTION  15 

Mrs.  Royall  continued  to  edit  The  Huntress  up 
to  within  a  few  weeks  of  her  death,  which  occurred  at 
Washington,  October  1,  1854. 

Perhaps  nothing  could  more  plainly  show  the 
enormous  activity  of  Anne  Royall 's  life  than  the 
appendix,  at  the  end  of  this  volume,  to  which  atten- 
tion is  respectfully  asked.  Every  name  there  given 
represents  a  personage  once  of  local  or  national  im- 
portance. For  lack  of  space  hundreds  of  other 
names  have  been  omitted.  It  is  hoped  that  even  this 
partial  index  may  prove  useful  to  state,  town,  and 
family  historians,  to  newspaper  men  and  women  and, 
in  some  degree  at  least,  to  general  students  of  United 
States  history. 

For  aid  in  unearthing  facts  concerning  the  life 
of  Anne  Royall  my  thanks  are  due,  and  sincerely 
given,  to  Dr.  Ainsworth  Rand  Spofford,  Mr.  David 
Hutcheson,  Mr.  John  G.  Morrison,  Mr.  Hugh  A.  Mor- 
rison Jr.,  Mr.  W.  T.  Moore,  and  Mr.  W.  D.  Johnston, 
of  The  Library  of  Congress;  to  Mr.  William  L.  Boy- 
den,  of  The  Library  of  the  Supreme  Council,  33° ;  to 
Mr.  W.  R.  McDowell,  Mr.  H.  G.  Crocker  and  Miss 
Kathryn  Sellers,  of  The  State  Department  Library; 
to  Miss  Anna  Pope,  of  the  Pension  Office;  to  Mr. 
John  T.  Loomis,  Mr.  W.  B.  Bryan,  and  Hon.  Mont- 
gomery Blair,  of  Washington;  to  Hon.  J.  C.  Mc- 
Laugherty,  of  Union,  West  Virginia,  and,  immeasur- 
ably, to  Mrs.  Eva  Grant  Maloney,  of  Craig  City,  Vir- 
ginia. For  advice  as  to  values,  and  information 
concerning  proper  arrangement  of  the  appendix 
I  owe  much  to  Dr.  Edward  Allen  Fay,  editor  of  The 
American  Annals  of  the  Deaf.     To  Mr.  G.  A.  Lyon, 


16  INTRODUCTION 

Jr.,  of  the  editorial  staff  of  The  Washington  Evening 
Star,  I  am  very  deeply  indebted  for  encouragement 
and  for  most  valuable  literary  criticism. 

S.  H.  P. 
"Ben-Evan,"  Keene, 
Essex  Co.,  N.  Y. 
June,  1908 


CHAPTER  I 

Childhood 

The  pioneer  phase  of  life  in  the  United  States 
is  almost  forgotten.  The  Indian  is  no  longer  the  most 
terrifying  factor  in  new  settlements.  He  has  even 
dropped  out  of  literature.  Editions  of  Cooper's 
works  have  become  infrequent.  The  dime  novel,  its 
yellow  cover  picturing  a  swooning  heroine  borne  in 
the  arms  of  a  mounted  hero  from  pursuing  savages, 
is  no  more.  The  scalping-knife  and  the  tomahawk 
have  been  relegated  to  museums.  The  names  of  Jack- 
son, Grant,  and  Lincoln  have  saved  the  word  "log- 
cabin"  from  oblivion,  but  of  the  daily  life  in  and 
around  those  primitive  little  houses  which  once  formed 
a  chain  of  mimic  forts  from  the  edge  of  the  thirteen 
Atlantic  states  westward  over  the  Alleghanies  to  the 
Mississippi,  the  present  generation  possesses  but  the 
haziest  notions. 

The  passing  from  the  national  memory  of  the 
details  of  pioneer  expansion  is  to  be  regretted,  for 
those  early  struggles  against  forest,  soil,  climate,  wild 
beasts,  and  Indians  were  the  growth-roots  of  our  best 
and  soundest  citizenship.  For  a  long  time  the  word 
West  was  very  loosely  used  to  denote  the  entire  region 
lying  beyond  the  Alleghany  mountains  and  extending 
from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  men  and 
women  who  pushed  forward  from  the  older  settlements 


18  ANNE  ROYALL 

into  this  so-called  ' '  western ' '  wilderness  sought  neither 
gold,  nor  adventure,  nor  the  establishment  of  any  one 
form  of  religious  faith.  Their  sole  object  was  to  se- 
cure that  blessing  most  highly  prized  in  all  ages  by 
the  Anglo-Saxon  heart  —  a  private  home.  Out  of  the 
home,  through  common  privation,  danger  and  neigh- 
borly cooperation,  civic  ethics  was  born. 

From  Maryland,  about  the  year  1772,  went  forth 
a  man  called  William  Newport,  accompanied  by  his 
wife,  Mary,  and  two  little  daughters.  The  elder 
daughter,  named  Anne  for  the  English  Queen  Anne, 
was  then  three  years  old.  Anne  Newport  was  born 
in  Maryland,  June  11,  1769.  Apparently,  the  New- 
port family  went  first  to  Middle  River,  Virginia, 
where  Mrs.  Newport  had  relatives  named  Anderson. 
From  thence,  with  a  company  of  Virginia  people,  the 
Newports  emigrated  to  the  frontier  of  Pennsylvania, 
where  we  find  them  in  1775  living  in  Westmoreland 
county,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Loyalhanna. 

A  mystery  hangs  over  William  Newport  which  his 
daughter  Anne  never  revealed  although,  in  later  life, 
under  her  married  name  of  Anne  Royall,  she  freely 
interspersed  her  voluminous  writings  with  autobio- 
graphical reminiscences.  Presumably,  Newport  was 
a  tory.  He  took  many  long  journeys  on  secret  er- 
rands. He  was  not  popular  with  his  co-emigrants  and 
there  are  indications  that  he  was  a  discontented  man, 
though  kind  and  affectionate  toward  his  family.  He 
was  evidently  a  man  of  education.  He  taught  his 
elder  daughter  the  rudiments  of  reading  by  the  then 
uncommon  method  of  phonetic  resemblance,  and  kept 
her  supplied  with  children 's  books  even  in  their  forest 


ANNE  ROYALL  19 

home.  The  father  of  Anne  Newport  Royall  may  have 
been  only  a  common  emigrant  but  there  is  a  bare 
possibility  that,  under  the  disadvantage  of  the  bar 
sinister,  Calvert  and,  therefore  (again  under  the  bar 
sinister  through  that  merry  monarch,  Charles  II), 
Stuart  blood  flowed  in  William  Newport 's  veins.  The 
value  of  the  result  for  present  purposes  hardly  justi- 
fies working  out  this  intricate  genealogical  hypothesis. 
One  or  two  curious  suggestions  concerning  it,  how- 
ever, are  worth  noting. 

The  early  Maryland  archives  mention  but  one 
William  Newport.  In  a  letter  to  Governor  Sharpe, 
dated  1767,  Lord  Baltimore  writes  from  London: 

"An  absurd  report,  I  am  informed,  has  been 
spread  through  the  Province  that  my  late  uncle,  Mr. 
Calvert's  son,  was  doubted  to  be  Legitimate  and  con- 
sequently I  had  settled  the  Province  on  him  after  my 
death.  Whereas  Mr.  Calvert  has  appointed  me  by 
his  will  his  Guardian  and  Executor,  expressly  declares 
him  as  not  Legitimate  and  before  his  death  gott  me 
to  give  him  an  annuity  by  the  name  he  goes  by  of 
Mr.  Newport,  son  of  Judith,  I  forgett  her  name." 

An  old  Maryland  list  of  persons  to  whom  official 
allowances  were  made,  records:  "Four  hundred 
pounds  of  tobacco  to  William  Newport."  When  the 
Proprietary  government  of  Maryland  fell  of  course 
all  annuities,  whether  paid  in  money  or  tobacco, 
ceased.  About  this  time  Anne  Newport's  father  left 
Maryland  forever.  His  frontier  cabin  was  rather  bet- 
ter furnished  than  the  dwellings  of  his  pioneer  neigh- 
bors.    Anne  writes : 

"Our  cabin,  or  camp,  rather,  was  very  small  — 
not  more  than  eight  or  ten  feet.     This  contained  one 


20  ANNE  ROYALL 

bed,  four  wooden  stools  with  legs  stuck  in  them 
through  augur  holes,  half  a  dozen  tin  cups  and  the 
like  number  of  pewter  plates,  knives,  forks  and  spoons, 
though  my  sister  (very  mischievous)  broke  one  of  the 
spoons  and  seriously  damaged  one  of  the  plates,  for 
which  I  was  chastised.  Besides  these  we  had  a  tray 
and  a  frying-pan,  a  camp  kettle  and  a  pot;  and  our 
cabin  was  considered  the  best  furnished  on  the  fron- 
tier. A  pewter  dish  or  spoon,  in  those  days,  were 
considered  articles  of  opulence  —  two-thirds  of  the 
people  of  the  frontiers  ate  with  mussel  shells,  and  I 
have  had  a  great  admiration  for  mussel  shells  ever 
since;  for  my  sister  soon  lost,  or  broke  together  our 
half  dozen  spoons.  Besides  the  things  I  have  men- 
tioned, we  had  a  table  made  of  a  puncheon  (a  tree 
split  in  half)  and  which  like  the  other  furniture,  was 
graced  with  four  substantial  legs  of  rough-hewed 
white  oak.  I  think  we  had  towels,  but  as  for  a  table- 
cloth, I  had  never  seen  one  to  my  knowledge;  and 
neither  box  nor  trunk  incommoded  us.  There  were 
a  few  skins  upon  which  reposed  those  who  thought 
proper  to  share  them.  Sometimes  we  had  bread  and 
always  plenty  of  corn-meal  and  jerk  (dried  venison)." 

Anne  Royall's  was  not  a  nurse-guarded  childhood. 
Reared  among  wild  birds,  wild  beasts,  and  wild  men 
—  small  wonder  that  a  flavor  of  wildness  marked  her 
character  to  the  end  of  her  long  life.  The  Newport 
cabin  stood  upon  a  wooded  hill  called  by  the  first 
settlers  Mount  Pisgah. 

"On  the  summit  of  the  hill  stood  an  enormous 
tree  which  overtopped  its  neighbors.  At  the  junction 
of  the  limbs  with  the  tree  there  was  a  large  nest, 
which  had  remained  there  from  time  immemorial  and 
was  still  inhabited  by  the  bald  eagle.  There  were 
three  eagles,  two  of  which  were  of  amazing  size  and 
strength.  They  would  carry  large  sticks  of  wood  to 
their  nest,  for  miles,  as  stout  as  a  man's  arm,  from 


ANNE  ROYALL  21 

three  to  five  feet  in  length.  Standing  in  our  door 
we  could  see  them  every  day  (at  the  season  of  feeding 
their  young)  carrying  fish  from  the  Loyalhanna.  We 
saw  the  fish  distinctly,  struggling  in  their  talons; 
sometimes  they  would  drop  them,  and  darting  back 
to  the  river  would  soon  appear  with  another.  They 
always  passed  each  other  on  the  way  and  were  con- 
stantly adding  to  their  nest,  which  could  not  have  been 
less  than  four  or  five  feet  in  diameter,  and  it  was  sup- 
posed the  weight  of  the  nest  would  finally  break  down 
the  tree." 

Red-Ridinghood  saw  but  one  wolf.  Little  Anne 
Royall  saw  a  whole  pack. 

"A  man  called  at  our  hut  one  day  and  asked  for 
a  drink.  My  mother  sent  me  to  the  spirng  with  a  tin 
cup  for  water.  As  I  drew  near  the  spring  a  large 
gang  of  wolves,  as  I  found  out  afterward,  trotted 
across  the  spring  without  deigning  to  look  at  me. 
When  I  returned  to  the  house,  I  informed  my  mother 
that  I  had  seen  a  large  gang  of  dogs  at  the  spring." 

Every  living  thing  found  its  way  to  the  spring 
that  bubbled  up,  cold  and  clear,  at  the  base  of  a  giant 
hemlock.  Going  to  the  spring  was  a  perilous  under- 
taking for  little  folks,  but  chubby,  stout-fisted  Anne 
never  quailed  but  once  —  when  a  big  black  snake 
chased  her,  hissing  at  her  bare  heels,  for  several  rods. 
The  Newport  cabin  was  the  last  house  in  the  settle- 
ment between  that  point  and  Pittsburg. 

Next  to  corn-meal,  the  greatest  necessity  of  the 
frontier  people  was  salt.  Each  fall  a  caravan  of 
pack-horses,  laden  with  peltry  which  was  to  be  ex- 
changed for  salt,  started  out  from  the  settlement  to 
the  nearest  town.  A  bushel  of  alum  salt,  says  Ker- 
cheval  in  his  History  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  was 


22  ANNE  ROY  ALL 

worth  a  good  cow  and  calf.  Until  weights  were  intro- 
duced, Kercheval  continues,  "the  salt  was  measured 
into  the  half-bushel  as  lightly  as  possible.  No  one 
was  permitted  to  walk  heavily  over  the  floor  while  the 
operation  was  going  on." 

Fashion  was  not  a  disturbing  factor  in  frontier 
life.  The  men  wore  leather  trousers  and  leggings  and 
a  hunting-shirt  made  full  enough  to  serve  as  a  pouch 
for  provisions.  The  scalping-knife  always  formed 
part  of  a  frontiersman's  equipment.  Women  and 
girls  wore  gowns  of  linsey-woolsey  spun,  woven,  and 
dyed  by  their  own  hands.  It  should  never  be  forgot- 
ten that  manufacturing  in  the  United  States  was  born 
of  woman  in  a  log-cabin.  When  the  men  who  went 
out  with  the  caravan  returned  to  the  settlements  they 
always  brought  back  a  neck-handkerchief  to  each  of 
their  women-folks.  A  fresh  neck-handkerchief  was 
considered  full  dress  regalia  for  a  woman  or  girl. 
When  Anne  Royall  wishes  to  express  her  direst  pov- 
erty she  writes,  "I  was  forced  to  sell  my  last  neck- 
handkerchief.  ' ' 

Both  sexes,  when  they  did  not  go  barefooted, 
wore  moccasins  made  of  deer  skin.  The  moccasins 
were  held  together  by  thongs,  commonly  called 
whangs.  Cutting  out  whangs  by  firelight  was  the 
usual  evening  occupation  of  the  younger  members  of 
a  frontier  family.  Thorns  were  used  to  fasten  small 
articles  of  clothing.  Mrs.  Royall  says,  "I  never  saw 
a  pin  until  I  was  as  tall  as  I  am  now." 

During  the  Revolution  the  English  called  in  the 
Indians  as  allies,  thus  bringing  down  upon  the  almost 
defenseless  pioneers  the  unutterable  horrors  of  border 


ANNE  KOYALL  23 

warfare.  Nowhere  was  the  butchery  caused  by  this 
unholy  alliance  more  constant  and  terrible  than  in 
Westmoreland  county,  Pennsylvania.  The  hatred  of 
England,  which  has  hardly  yet  died  out  in  some 
portions  of  the  United  States,  was  caused,  not  by 
unjust  taxation  but  by  the  unforgettable,  unforgivable 
fact  that  the  mother-country  set  savages  on  to  murder, 
by  horrible  torture,  men,  women,  and  children  of  her 
own  blood. 

' '  'Twas  a  foul  deed  which  ought  never  to  be  for- 
gotten or  forgiven,"  wrote  Anne  Royall  bitterly  half 
a  century  afterward. 

"We  get  a  glimpse  of  little  Anne's  generous,  im- 
pulsive nature  from  an  incident  of  her  childhood  at 
Mount  Pisgah: 

"A  vast  number  of  sugar  trees  grew  in  that 
region,  and  my  mother  employed  herself  in  the  spring 
of  the  year  in  making  sugar.  I  was  about  four  or 
five  years  old  when,  my  father  being  on  a  journey, 
and  my  mother  as  usual  being  at  the  sugar  camp,  had 
left  my  sister  (younger  than  myself)  in  the  house 
by  ourselves.  The  spring  was  far  advanced,  and  as 
my  sister  and  myself  were  amusing  ourselves  by  catch- 
ing butterflies  before  the  cabin  door  late  on  a  warm, 
sunshiny  afternoon,  we  were  surprised  by  a  gentleman 
on  horseback,  who  rode  up  to  us  and  asked  if  he 
might  stay  all  night.  We  stood  still  staring  at  the 
gentleman,  not  knowing  what  answer  to  make,  till  he 
inquired  where  our  parents  were  and  what  were  their 
names.  I  was  always  first  to  speak  and  said,  'My 
mamma  is  at  the  sugar  camp  and  her  name  is  Mary. 
My  papa's  name  is  William.' 

"  'I  shall  stop,'  said  the  man.  Alighting  from 
his  horse  and  taking  off  the  saddle,  he  laid  it  down 
by  the  door  and  asked  me  if  we  had  a  stable  to  put 


24  ANNE  ROYALL 

horses  in.  I  told  him  I  did  not  know  what  that  was  — 
but  we  put  old  Bonny  in  the  pen  there,  pointing  it 
out  to  him. 

"  'Have  you  any  corn?'  asked  the  gentleman. 

1 '  '  Yes  sir,  we  have  corn  in  the  crib. ' 

"  'You  are  a  fine  girl,  come  and  show  me  the 
crib,'  he  said,  smiling,  and  after  turning  his  horse 
in  the  pen  I  ran  to  show  him  the  crib,  communicating 
every  incident  within  my  memory  to  him  without 
reserve,  at  which  he  laughed  heartily  and  chatted  with 
me  in  return.  But  a  violent  dispute  succeeded  to 
this.  I  told  him  he  took  too  much  corn  for  his  horse ; 
he  must  not  take  more  than  twelve  ears,  that  was  all 
we  gave  Bonny.  He  gave  the  best  of  reasons  why 
his  horse  should  have  more  than  Bonny,  but  he  argued 
to  the  wind.  Our  parents  had  laid  down  certain 
rules  for  us  to  go  by  and  these  were  as  firm  and 
steadfast  as  the  laws  of  the  Medes  and  Persians.  I 
did  not  grudge  him  the  corn  but  I  thought  he  was  a 
novice  in  the  art  of  feeding  a  horse.  Finally,  he  was 
forced  to  let  me  have  my  own  way. 

' '  The  gentleman  on  entering  the  hut  asked  if  we 
had  anything  to  eat.  'I  am  very  hungry;  I  have 
eaten  nothing  since  morning.' 

"  'We  have  plenty  of  jerk  in  the  chimney,'  I  re- 
plied. He  soon  had  a  piece  in  his  hand  and,  hearing 
a  hen  at  the  door,  he  asked  if  we  had  any  eggs.  My 
sister,  upon  hearing  the  inquiry,  ran  out  to  a  nest 
hard  by  and  brought  in  four  eggs  and  gave  them 
to  him.  He  made  a  hole  in  the  ashes  and  covered 
up  the  eggs.  Having  salt  and  biscuit  with  him,  he 
made  a  hearty  meal.  He  gave  us  a  cake  each.  It  was 
near  night  and  after  taking  a  walk  to  look  at  his 
horse,  the  gentleman,  being  weary,  said  he  would  lie 
down.  He  had  travelled  that  day  from  Pittsburg. 
I  offered  him  the  only  bed  in  the  house,  saying  we 
could  sleep  on  the  floor,  we  had  done  so  many  a  time. 
He  declined  the  offer  and  throwing  himself  down  on 
a  bearskin,  said  that  would  do  very  well.     '  I  am  used 


ANNE  KOYALL  25 

to  camping  out.  This  will  be  delightful.'  He  threw 
himself  on  the  floor.  I  ran  and  brought  him  three 
or  four  more  skins  but  seeing  I  was  hardly  able  to 
drag  them  along,  he  laughed  and  took  them  from 
me.  He  put  his  saddle  under  his  head  and  I  took 
a  square  quilt  and  threw  it  over  him.  In  a  very  few 
minutes  he  was  fast  asleep,  and  still  my  mother  came 
not,  although  it  was  quite  dark.  I  put  my  sister  to 
bed,  as  she  was  sleepy,  and  sat  up  alone. ' ' 

A  little  later,  Mrs.  Newport,  accompanied  by  an 
Irishwoman,  commonly  known  as  Aunt  Molly  Carra- 
han,  came  home.  Great  was  the  terror  of  the  two 
women  when  they  saw  a  man  lying  on  the  floor.  They 
at  once  suspected  the  stranger  of  being  a  British  spy 
in  command  of,  or  recruiting  Indians.  Soundly  they 
scolded  Anne  for  her  mistaken  hospitality.  Crest- 
fallen, the  little  girl  crept  to  her  bed. 

' '  Faith,  and  he  looks  for  all  the  world  like  Paddy 
Dunahan,  that  was  hung  in  Limerick  for  the  killing 
of  Dennis  O'Shean,"  whispered  Aunt  Molly.  As  a 
means  of  defence,  should  the  man  show  signs  of 
hostility,  the  women  hung  a  huge  kettle  filled  with 
water  on  the  crane  in  the  fireplace.  They  kept  the 
water  boiling  all  night.  "If  he  offers  to  stir,  I'll 
scald  his  eyes  out,"  threatened  Aunt  Molly. 

But  the  strange  visitor  did  nothing  more  violent 
than  to  snore  occasionally.  In  the  morning  he  made 
proper  explanation  and  apology  to  the  two  ladies, 
who  were  highly  delighted  with  him.     Anne  says: 

"Breakfast  was  prepared  for  him  before  he  set 
out  and  his  horse  fed.  At  his  departure  he  gave  me 
a  silver  dollar,  the  first  I  ever  saw.  Who  do  you 
think  the  gentleman  was?  No  less  than  the  amiable 
Mr.  Findlay,  long  a  member  of  Congress  from  Penn- 


26  ANNE  ROYALL 

sylvania,  distinguished  for  his  republican  principles, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  state.  He  used  to 
be  called  'the  walking  library'  from  his  knowledge 
of  books  and  he  was  one  of  the  finest  looking  men  in 
the  world. ' ' 

One  never-to-be-forgotten  summer  afternoon  Anne 
Royall  came  into  her  own.     She  learned  to  read. 

"Here  in  the  woods  near  the  Loyalhanna  I  first 
learned  to  sing  Fire  on  the  Mountains.  I  recollect 
well,  too,  after  receiving  from  my  father  a  little  in- 
sight into  the  sounds  of  letters  and  putting  them 
together  I  went  out  and  sat  alone  upon  a  small  stump 
before  the  cabin  door,  and  went  through  several  pages 
by  myself.  I  learned  to  read  in  the  course  of  the 
afternoon.  The  joy  I  felt  in  both  these  acquirements 
was  unspeakably  great. ' ' 

Very  likely  the  little  girl  who  sat  upon  the  forest 
stump  gloating  over  the  newly-fathomed  mystery  of 
print  was  of  neither  Calvert  nor  of  Stuart  lineage. 
But  she  might  well  have  been  of  both,  for  the  lords 
of  Baltimore  were  all  men  of  brains.  Of  one  of  them 
Frederick  the  Great  wrote,  "Lord  Baltimore  and  I 
talked  much  of  philosophy,  art,  science  —  in  short, 
of  all  that  is  included  in  the  taste  of  a  cultivated 
people. ' ' 

The  scene  recalls,  too,  the  eagerness  for  reading  — 
as  described  by  Lord  Harrington  —  of  Elizabeth,  the 
little  Stuart  Princess  later  famous  in  history  as  the 
unfortunate  "Winter  Queen"  and  ancestress  of  a 
long  line  of  royal  descendants.  The  mental  resem- 
blance of  Anne  Royall  to  Elizabeth 's  daughter,  Sophia, 
electress  of  Hanover,  and  mother  of  George  I  of  Eng- 
land, is  absolutely  startling  to  one  who  has  studied 
both  women.     Many  of  Sophia's  reflective  but  ener- 


ANNE  ROYALL  27 

getie  letters  might  have  been  written  by  Mrs.  Royall, 
while  many  of  the  latter 's  fearless  acts  might  easily 
have  been  performed  by  the  indomitable  electress. 

The  Newport  family  were  driven  from  Mount 
Pisgah  by  Indians.  They  moved  nearer  a  fort  or, 
rather,  near  three  forts  —  Hannastown,  Shields 's,  and 
a  fortified  house  called  Deniston's.  The  clearing 
where  the  Newports  next  lived,  "if  it  could  be  called 
living,"  writes  Anne,  was  a  small  settlement  which 
Mrs.  Royall  indistinctly  remembers  as  "Moore's,"  but 
which,  perhaps,  may  have  been  Miller's  Station.  Anne 
Royall  spent  so  much  of  her  early  life  in  one  or  anoth- 
er of  these  so-called  forts  that  the  following  description 
by  Kercheval  may  well  be  quoted  here.  It  is  probably 
the  most  accurate  picture  extant  of  a  pioneer  fort 
in  the  early  days  of  United  States  expansion : 

"My  reader  will  understand  by  this  term  not  only 
a  place  of  defence,  but  the  residence  of  a  small  number 
of  families  belonging  to  the  same  neighborhood.  As 
the  Indian  mode  of  warfare  was  an  indiscriminate 
slaughter  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes,  it  was  requisite 
to  provide  for  the  safety  of  the  women  and  children 
as  well  as  for  that  of  the  men.  The  fort  consisted  of 
cabins,  block-houses  and  stockades.  A  range  of  cabins 
commonly  formed  at  least  one  side  of  the  fort. 
Divisions  or  partitions  of  logs  separated  the  cabins 
from  each  other.  The  walls  on  the  outside  were  ten 
or  twelve  feet  high,  the  slope  of  the  roof  being  turned 
wholly  inward.  A  very  few  of  the  cabins  had  pun- 
cheon floors;  the  greater  part  were  of  earth. 

1 '  The  block-houses  were  built  at  the  angles  of  the 
cabins  and  stockades.  Their  upper  stories  were  about 
eleven  inches  larger  every  way  than  the  center  one, 
leaving  an  opening  at  the  commencement  of  the  sec- 
ond story,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  making  a  lodg- 


28  ANNE  ROYALL 

ment  under  their  walls.  In  some  forts  instead  of 
block-houses  the  angles  of  the  forts  were  furnished 
with  bastions.  A  large  folding  gate  made  of  thick 
slabs,  nearest  the  spring,  closed  the  fort.  The  stock- 
ades, cabins  and  block-house  walls  were  furnished  with 
port-holes  at  proper  heights  and  distances.  The  whole 
of  the  outside  was  completely  bullet-proof. 

"It  may  be  truly  said  that  'necessity  is  the 
mother  of  invention,'  for  the  whole  of  this  work  was 
made  without  the  aid  of  a  single  nail  or  spike  of 
iron,  and  for  this  reason  —  such  things  were  not  to 
be  had.  In  some  places  less  exposed,  a  single  block- 
house, with  a  cabin  or  two,  constituted  the  entire  fort. 
As  the  Indians  had  no  artillery  they  seldom  attacked 
and  scarcely  ever  took  one  of  these  forts." 

Families  actually  grew  callous  to  the  danger  of 
Indian  attacks.  Mrs.  Royall  tells  of  one  extremely 
neat  pioneer  housewife  who  refused  to  fly  from  ap- 
proaching savages  until  she  had  swept  and  dusted, 
saying,  "I  can't  go  off  and  leave  such  a  looking 
house. ' ' 

Kercheval,  whose  book  has  become  very  rare, 
gives  a  vivid  description  of  a  family  preparing  for 
flight.  Many  times  little  Anne  Royall  took  part  in 
a  similar  scene : 

"I  well  remember  that,  when  a  little  boy,  the 
family  were  sometimes  waked  up  in  the  night  by  an 
express  with  a  report  that  the  Indians  were  at  hand. 
The  express  came  softly  to  the  door  or  back  window, 
and  by  a  gentle  tapping  waked  the  family.  This  was 
easily  done  as  an  habitual  fear  made  us  ever  watchful 
to  the  slightest  alarm.  The  whole  family  was  instant- 
ly in  motion.  My  father  seized  his  gun  and  other 
implements  of  war;  my  step-mother  got  up  and 
dressed  the  children  as  well  as  she  could;  and  being 


ANNE  EOYALL  29 

myself  the  eldest  of  the  children,  I  had  to  take  my 
share  of  the  burthens  to  be  carried  to  the  fort;  there 
was  no  possibility  of  getting  a  horse  in  the  night 
to  aid  us  in  removing  to  the  fort.  Beside  the  little 
children,  we  caught  up  what  articles  of  clothing  and 
provision  we  could  get  hold  of  in  the  dark,  for  we 
durst  not  light  a  candle  or  even  stir  the  fire.  All 
this  was  done  with  the  utmost  dispatch  and  the 
silence  of  death,  the  greatest  care  being  taken  not  to 
awaken  the  youngest  child.  To  the  rest  it  was  enough 
to  say,  'INDIANS,'  and  not  a  whimper  was  heard 
afterward.  Thus  it  often  happened  that  the  whole 
number  of  families  belonging  to  a  settlement,  who 
were  in  the  evening  in  their  homes  were  all  in  their 
little  fortress  before  dawn  of  the  next  morning.  In 
the  course  of  the  succeeding  day  their  household  fur- 
niture was  brought  in  by  parties  of  men  under  arms." 

While  living  at  Moore's,  or  Miller's,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Newport  placed  their  two  little  girls  for  safety 
with  different  families  living  some  distance  apart  in 
fortified  houses.  Anne  went  to  a  family  named  Den- 
iston.  While  there  she  attended  a  field  school,  or 
school  in  a  forest  clearing.  All  that  she  learned  at 
this  school,  she  says,  was  a  ring  game  called  ''Under 
the  Juniper  tree." 

About  this  time  William  Newport  drops  out  of 
sight.  We  have  no  hint  as  to  the  manner  or  time 
of  his  death.  Anne,  ever  reticent  about  her  father, 
simply  tells  us  that  soon  after  his  death  her  mother 
married  again.  The  name  of  Mrs.  Newport's  second 
husband  was  Butler.  The  issue  of  this  second  mar- 
riage was  a  son  named  James.  James  Butler  was 
twelve  or  thirteen  years  younger  than  his  half-sister, 
Anne  Newport.     He  rose  to  prominence  as  a  colonel 


30  ANNE  ROYALL 

in  the  war  of  1812.  In  his  later  life,  Colonel  James 
Butler  lived  in  Connersville,  Indiana. 

Anne 's  mother  was  a  woman  of  much  strength  of 
character.  She  was  skilled  in  the  medicine  of  herbs 
and  acted  as  physician  to  the  entire  settlement.  Her 
personal  appearance  was  pleasing.  "My  mother," 
says  Anne,  "was  a  low,  light  woman  and  considered 
the  prettiest  of  her  day,  though,  like  myself,  she  was 
undersized." 

Anne,  in  her  youth,  was  plump  as  a  partridge, 
with  pink  cheeks,  fair  hair,  very  blue  and  very  bright 
eyes,  and  strong  white  teeth  that  showed  to  advan- 
tage when  she  laughed  which,  says  one  who  knew 
her,  she  was  always  doing. 

Anne's  sister  appears  to  have  remained  with  the 
family  in  which  she  was  placed.  She  married  a  man 
named  Cowan  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Newports' 
first  home  at  Mount  Pisgah.  After  Mrs.  Butler's 
second  marriage  the  family,  with  the  exception  of 
Anne's  younger  sister,  moved  to  Hannastown. 


CHAPTER  II 

Girlhood  and  Marriage 

Hannastown,  Pennsylvania,  near  where  Greens- 
burg  now  stands,  was  the  first  place  west  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains  where  the  white  man  ruled  by 
legal  forms.  In  1773  the  settlement  of  Hannastown 
was  made  the  seat  of  "Westmoreland  county.  It  con- 
sisted of  about  thirty  log  dwellings,  a  wooden  court- 
house, a  jail,  and  a  fort.  Robert  Hanna  was  the  first 
presiding  judge  of  the  court  held  there.  The  first 
court  of  common  pleas  held  in  the  United  States  was 
held  at  Fort  Pitt  by  General  Forbes,  whose  army 
passed  through  Hannastown.  On  this  occasion  little 
Anne  Newport  saw  the  new  flag  of  the  new  United 
States  for  the  first  time.  Writing  long  afterward,  the 
twenty-second  of  February,  she  says: 

"This  day,  the  anniversary  of  our  beloved  Wash- 
ington, was  ushered  in  by  all  manner  of  rejoicing. 
The  star-spangled  banner  is  now  waving  from  the 
cupola  before  my  window.  While  I  sat  with  my  eyes 
on  the  flag  my  mind  was  thrown  back  to  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  whilst  I  gazed  on  this  emblem  of  our 
liberty,  I  thought  of  the  day  when  I  first  s^w  the 
colors  of  the  then  conflicting  states;  the  occasion  nor 
the  date  I  do  not  now  remember.  But  I  well  remem- 
ber the  brilliant  striped  flag.  I  was  then  a  child  and 
lived  at  Hannastown,  not  far  from  Pittsburg.  I  was 
standing  in  the  street  one  morning  with  other  little 


32  ANNE  ROYALL 

children  and  happening  to  turn  my  eyes  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Pittsburg,  I  caught  a  glimpse  of  soldiers  march- 
ing into  the  town,  their  colors  flying  and  drums  beat- 
ing. I  remember  the  order  of  march  —  I  remember, 
too,  that  there  were  several  women.  I  never  see  the 
United  States  colors  since  that  they  do  not  recall  that 
day.  The  whole  repasses  again  before  me,  and  with 
it  all  the  sufferings  of  those  trying  times.  I  suffered 
all  that  human  nature  could  bear,  both  with  cold  and 
hunger.  Oh,  ye  wealthy  of  those  times!  little  idea 
had  ye  of  what  the  poor  frontier  settlers  suffered ! 
often  running  for  our  lives  to  the  forts,  the  Indians 
pursuing  and  shooting  at  us.  At  other  times  lying 
concealed  in  brushwood,  exposed  to  rain  and  snakes, 
for  days  and  nights  without  food,  and  almost  without 
clothes;  we  were  half  the  time  without  salt  or  bread; 
we  pinned  our  scanty  clothing  with  thorns;  lived  on 
bear's  meat  and  dried  venison." 

Hannastown  was  totally  destroyed  by  Indians 
July  13,  1782.  "On  that  day,"  writes  Anne  Royall, 
"my  heart  first  learned  the  nature  of  care." 

The  people  who  were  in  the  town  at  the  time  the 
Indians  approached  fled  to  the  fort  and,  with  one  ex- 
ception, were  saved.  But  many  of  the  wives  and 
daughters  of  the  wealthier  class  were  guests  at  a  wed- 
ding celebration  at  Miller's  Station,  a  few  miles  dis- 
tant from  Hannastown.  A  large  crowd  of  young 
people  from  Hannastown,  drawn  by  a  desire  to  see  the 
wedding  fun,  had  also  gone  to  Miller's.  The  house 
in  which  the  ceremony  had  just  been  celebrated  was 
attacked  by  the  savages.  The  slaughter  was  terrible. 
Amid  heartrending  scenes,  many  captives  were  taken, 
among  them  Mrs.  Hanna  and  her  two  beautiful  daugh- 
ters. After  hours  of  massacre,  the  Indians,  sated 
with    blood    and    pillage,    collected    their    prisoners 


ANNE  ROYALL  33 

(among  them  sixty  women  and  girls)  and,  loading 
them  heavily  with  plunder,  drove  them,  like  cattle, 
northward.     An  old  writer  says: 

' '  Heavy  were  the  hearts  of  the  women  and  maidens 
as  they  were  driven  into  captivity.  Who  can  tell  the 
bitterness  of  their  sorrow?  They  looked,  as  they 
thought,  for  the  last  time  upon  the  dear  fields  of  their 
country  and  of  civilized  life.  They  thought  of  their 
fathers,  their  husbands,  brothers  and  sweethearts.  As 
their  eyes  streamed  with  tears,  the  cruelty  and  uncer- 
tainty which  hung  over  their  fate  as  prisoners  of  sav- 
ages overwhelmed  them  with  despair." 

Tradition  has  long  insisted  that  Anne  Newport 
was  one  of  these  captives.  The  legend  is  to  be  doubted. 
In  all  the  millions  of  words  that  she  wrote,  Mrs.  Royall 
nowhere  states  that  she  was  ever  held  prisoner  by  In- 
dians. Such  an  experience  would  have  been  journalis- 
tically valuable.  She  would  hardly  have  passed  it 
over  in  silence.  The  probability  is  that  her  frequent 
allusions  to  being  "brought  up  among  the  Indians," 
"learning  virtue  and  independence  from  the  lords  of 
the  forest,"  etc.,  misled  careless  readers.  From  what 
were  really  only  references  to  her  pioneer  childhood  a 
captivity  legend  might  easily,  and  probably  did,  grow 
up.  Her  alleged  rescue  by  Captain  Royall,  the  Vir- 
ginia gentleman  of  wealth  and  high  family,  whom  she 
married,  made  a  romantic  ending  to  the  story.  The 
biographical  dictionaries  and  encyclopaedias  all  con- 
tain the  tale. 

Mr.  Butler  did  not  long  survive  the  destruction 
of  Hannastown.  He  may  have  been  killed  by  Indians 
in  his  own  field  as  so  many  other  men  were  in  those 
uncertain  days.     Mrs.  Butler  and  her  two  children, 


34  ANNE  ROYALL 

Anne  and  James,  wandered  miserably  back  to  Vir- 
ginia. In  1785  they  passed  through  Staunton.  They 
were  in  dire  poverty.  The  following  interesting  ac- 
count of  William  Eoyall  is  substantially  authentic, 
though  founded  of  course  on  traditions  handed  down 
in  the  neighborhood  from  one  generation  to  another. 
The  sketch  is  kindly  furnished  for  this  biography  by 
Mrs.  Eva  Grant  Maloney,  better  known,  perhaps,  as 
a  writer,  under  her  maiden  name,  Eva  Grant.  Mrs. 
Maloney  writes : 

"In  early  days  there  was  no  wagon  road  from 
Fincastle  to  Staunton  —  two  frontier  posts  —  to  the 
Sweet  Springs.  Persons  walked  the  foot-paths  or  took 
pack-saddle  trains.  I  think,  perhaps,  wagons  could 
travel  from  Staunton  to  Fincastle  —  it  was  then  called 
Monroe  —  but  from  that  point  pack-saddles  for 
freight,  and  horse-back  or  foot  were  the  only  means 
of  transportation  across  the  mountains.  At  what  was 
then  called  Middle  Mountain  my  great-grandfather, 
Thomas  Price,  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Revolutionary  war, 
lived.  One  of  his  friends  and  neighbors,  Captain 
William  Royall,  lived  about  fourteen  miles  farther 
west  on  what  was  called  Sweet  Springs  Mountain. 
People  going  to  Royall's  necessarily  passed  Price's 
and  stopped  going  and  coming. 

"William  Royall  was  an  elderly  gentleman  and 
considered  very  learned,  possessing  a  great  store  of 
books  which  were  treasures  in  the  isolated  fastnesses 
of  the  mountains.  William  Royall  was  called  eccen- 
tric. He  kept  his  cattle  and  horses  in  their  natural 
state;  there  were  neither  geldings  nor  steers  to  be 
found  in  his  herds. 

' '  The  Sweet  Springs  were  unknown  at  a  distance 
but  their  fame  was  beginning  to  spread  locally.  There 
is  a  story,  coming  down  unvarnished,  which  says  that 
in  one  of  the  last  raids  made  by  the  Indians  into  the 


ANNE  KOYALL  35 

Holston  country  one  big  warrior  was  stricken  with 
illness.  His  entire  body  was  covered  with  sores. 
His  tribe  guided  him  to  the  Sweet  Springs  and  there 
buried  him  in  mud  arranged  so  that  the  waters  could 
flow  over  him  and  he  could  just  manage  also  to  drink. 
There  they  left  him  with  a  supply  of  parched  corn 
and  the  sweet  waters.  In  a  few  weeks  the  warrior 
followed  his  tribe,  and  the  story  further  has  it  that 
the  tribe  thought  he  was  a  ghost. 

"Now  this  story  spread  among  the  settlers  and 
many  of  them  made  their  way  to  the  springs  for 
cures.  Among  those  who  came,  and  stopped  at  my 
grandfather's  for  rest  and  food,  was  a  poor  woman 
much  afflicted  with  sores  and  what  we  now  call  'blood 
poison. '  This  white  woman  had  a  child  with  her  and 
that  child  was  Anne  Royal.  The  woman,  Anne's 
mother,  went  to  the  Sweet  Springs  and  was  taken  in  by 
the  wealthy  and  eccentric  old  Captain  William  Royall. 
She  was  his  wash-woman  and  menial  —  a  subject  of 
reproach  of  course  to  the  slave-owning  aristocratic 
neighbors;  for  few  white  women  on  our  frontier  had 
to  be  menials,  and  those  only  of  the  lowest  class. 

"Now  William  Royall  took  an  interest  in  little 
Anne  and  taught  her  until  she  became  the  most 
learned  woman  in  all  the  county.  He  had  a  store  of 
fine  books  and  Anne  read  them  all." 

This  story  of  the  meeting  of  Anne  Newport  and 
William  Royall,  Mrs.  Maloney  had  from  the  lips  of 
Mrs.  Sarah  Hamilton,  now  eighty-seven  years  of  age. 
Mrs.  Hamilton  says  that  Anne  was  frequently  at  her 
grandfather's  house  and  that  her  mother,  who  was 
married  in  1809,  liked  and  admired  the  bright,  ener- 
getic girl.     Mrs.  Maloney  adds: 

"Mrs.  Hamilton  says  that  when  Anne  developed 
into  a  writer  her  mother  bought  all  her  writings  that 
she  could.     Mrs.  Hamilton  further  says  that  her  first 


36  ANNE  ROYALL 

husband,  Dr.  Thomas  Wharton,  collected  all  the  infor- 
mation he  could  about  Anne  Royall  and  left  it  in 
manuscript  when  he  died  in  1836.  This  manuscript, 
unluckily,  has  been  destroyed.  Mrs.  Hamilton,  my 
aunt,  is  now  87  years  old,  in  full  possession  of  her 
great  mental  faculties,  and  has  lived  in  Botetourt 
county  all  her  life.  She  is  an  exceedingly  intelligent 
woman,  and  having  always  been  a  woman  of  means 
and  prominent  family,  has  had  rare  opportunities  for 
local  observations  and  her  store  of  information  is 
practically  endless.  Anne  Royall's  story,  beginning 
in  so  humble  a  manner  and  ending  in  what  seemed 
splendid  fame  to  the  quiet  country  people  has  been 
preserved  intact  just  as  I  have  written  it  here  for 
you." 

According  to  Anne 's  marriage  certificate,  she  was 
married  to  "William  Royall  by  Rev.  William  Martin 
in  Botetourt  county,  November  18,  1797.  But  Mrs. 
Royall  herself  disputes  this  date  of  the  official  record, 
claiming  a  possible  clerical  error  or  tardiness  in  mak- 
ing the  required  governmental  return  of  marriage. 
She  says: 

"A  mystery  hangs  over  this  certificate.  I  could 
swear  that  we  were  married  in  May  and  not  in  No- 
vember. The  dogwood  was  in  bloom  and  I  was  out 
sowing  seeds  when  the  messenger  came  with  a  saddle- 
horse  for  me  to  go  and  get  married." 

At  all  events,  whether  the  spring  woods  were 
white  with  dogwood-flower,  or  the  ground  carpeted 
with  autumn's  fallen  leaves,  young  Anne  Royall 
obeyed  her  old  master's  command  with  truly  feudal 
willingness  and  submission.  That  she  adored  and  rev- 
erenced him  is  beyond  a  doubt.  Nevertheless,  many 
of  Royall's  friends  and  relatives  claimed  that  there 
was  never  any  real  marriage.     A  bundle  of  ancient 


ANNE  ROYALL  37 

yellow  papers  preserved  in  the  Pension  Office  at  Wash- 
ington settles  that  question,  however.  The  dispute  as 
to  the  legality  of  the  marriage  was  threshed  out  again 
and  again  by  Congressional  Committees.  The  names 
of  John  Quincy  Adams,  Judge  Taliaferro  and  other 
men  of  equally  high  standing  are  signed  to  the  oft- 
reiterated  statement,  "There  is  no  question  as  to  the 
validity  of  the  marriage." 

Captain  Royall  was  a  good  husband  of  the  bluff 
British  Squire  type.  He  was  both  wealthy  and  gen- 
erous. Half  a  dozen  times  a  year  (on  her  birthday 
and  at  other  festival  times)  he  made  over,  legally,  to 
his  wife  valuable  gifts  of  property  in  land,  houses,  and 
slaves.  It  was  Anne 's  nature,  too,  to  give,  and  during 
the  sixteen  years  of  her  married  life  she  experienced 
the  joy  —  to  her  the  greatest  joy  that  could  be  vouch- 
safed —  of  scattering  her  bounty  broadcast  among  the 
sick,  the  needy,  and  the  sinful.  Sinners  always  fared 
well  where  Anne  Royall  was,  not  because  she  condoned 
with  sin  but  because  she  had  unfailing  faith  in  the 
reclamatory  power  of  human  sympathy. 

In  summer,  and  when  court  was  in  session  at 
Sweet  Springs,  the  Royall  mansion  was  always  full 
of  guests.  As  hostess,  Anne  met  some  of  the  first 
people  of  the  state  who,  thanks  to  Captain  Royall's 
jealous  watchfulness,  treated  the  former  backwoods 
girl  with  the  same  deference  that  invariably  marked 
her  husband's  demeanor  toward  her. 

In  winter  husband  and  wife  read  much  together. 
French  thought,  filtered  through  Thomas  Jefferson's 
mind,  colored  all  William  Royall's  philosophy.  More- 
over, Royall  had  served  under  Lafayette  and  passion- 


38  ANNE  ROYALL 

ately  admired  that  gallant  Frenchman.  It  is  not 
strange,  therefore,  that  the  first  winter's  reading  in- 
eluded  a  full  course  in  Voltaire.  Anne's  mind  was 
ever  hungry.  She  shared  and  agreed  with  every  view, 
liking,  or  aversion  held  by  her  husband.  To  each  she 
added  a  fire  of  enthusiasm  that  warmed  the  cockles 
of  the  old  warrior's  heart.  William  Royall's  humor 
was  of  the  dry,  quiet,  rather  cynical  order.  Anne's 
sense  of  the  ludicrous  was  an  ever-bubbling  spring 
constantly  fed  by  the  little  happenings  of  every- 
day plantation  life.  In  spite  of  the  disparity  of 
their  ages,  probably  no  other  married  couple  ever 
found  more  happiness  together  than  Captain  Royall 
and  his  pioneer-bred  wife.  Often  in  winter  evenings, 
when  they  sat  before  a  crackling  fire  in  the  great  hall, 
the  old  soldier  described  to  his  wife,  while  she  sewed 
or  embroidered,  the  campaigns  he  had  fought.  Those 
campaigns  were  well  worth  fighting  over  again.  Wil- 
liam Royall  did  the  nation  good  service  —  service 
which  should  have  ensured  his  wife  from  want  after 
she  became  a  widow.  Mrs.  Royall  writes,  and  there 
is  no  reason  to  think  that  she  does  not  state  facts 
although  the  actual  official  records  were  lost  in  the 
great  fire  at  Richmond: 

"My  husband  raised  the  first  company  that  was 
raised  in  Virginia  —  took  his  men  (Patrick  Henry 
being  one)  and  entered  the  ship  where  Lord  Dunmore 
took  refuge  with  all  the  ammunition  he  could  lay  hold 
of.  Then  these  gentlemen  (all  of  the  first  rank)  took 
the  whole  of  it  away  from  him.  My  husband  spent 
a  fortune  in  the  war.  He  was  rich  and  generous. 
He  brought  the  troops  from  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 


ANNE  ROYALL  39 

lina,  after  Gates'  defeat,  at  his  own  expense  to  Guil- 
ford Courthouse,  N.  0.  Entitled  to  ten  rations  a 
day,  he  never  drew  a  dollar.  He  was  Judge- Advocate 
to  the  Brigade,  Judge-Advocate  to  the  regiment,  Pay- 
master to  the  Regiment  and  the  same  to  the  Brigade. 
He  lost  two  fine  horses,  his  servant  and  a  portmanteau 
containing  a  hundred  pounds  in  specie  by  the  British 
at  the  battle  of  Petersburg,  Va.  General  Lafayette 
ordered  him  to  remove  some  American  horses  out  of 
the  way  of  the  British.  He  did  so,  delivering  them 
to  the  quartermaster.  One  was  lost  which  cost  him 
200  pounds." 

Lafayette  afterward  gave  Mrs.  Royall  a  note 
written  by  his  own  hand  concerning  her  husband's 
valuable  war-services. 

When  Boston  was  blockaded  by  the  British 
William  Royall  sent  the  citizens  a  sloop  of  wheat  at 
his  own  expense. 

Often,  too,  in  those  long  winter-evening  talks, 
Royall  descanted  on  the  virtues  and  the  glory  of 
Masonry,  telling  Anne,  over  and  over,  what  she  after- 
ward had  good  reason  to  practice,  "If  ever  you  find 
yourself  in  trouble,  appeal  to  a  Mason. ' ' 

Anne  Royall  reverenced  and  idolized  her  husband. 
To  the  end  of  her  long  life,  when  traveling,  she  would 
go  miles  out  of  her  way,  often  spending  her  last  dollar 
for  the  purpose,  to  look  upon  a  spot  of  earth  his  feet 
had  once  pressed. 

William  Royall  was  born  where  two  generations 
of  his  ancestors  (Welsh,  and  French  Huguenot  stock) 
had  lived,  at  a  place  called  Bermuda  Hundred,  near 
City  Point,  Virginia.     Long  years  after  her  husband 's 


40  ANNE  KOYALL 

death,  Mrs.  Royall  turned  aside  from  her  route  to  visit 
his  birthplace.     She  says: 

"This  region  near  City  Point  which  I  was  now  to 
see  for  the  first  time,  had  for  years  been  familiar  to 
me.  I  had  had  the  history  of  every  inch  of  ground, 
swamp,  tree,  orchard,  grove  and  garden;  the  houses, 
the  shores,  the  river,  the  sedge  fields,  even  to  the 
river  banks.  The  very  ducks  in  the  swamps  were  as 
familiar  as  though  I  had  spent  my  days  there.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  my  husband,  where  he  had  spent 
his  boyhood  and  grew  up  to  be  a  man.  As  we  came 
in  view  of  City  Point,  I  naturally  cast  my  eye  over 
the  well  known  marsh  where,  with  his  faithful  spaniel 
and  his  gun,  he  passed  whole  days  in  pursuit  of  the 
shell  drake.  Over  the  river  I  saw  the  well  known 
solitary  house,  peeping  through  a  thick  grove,  where 
he  spent  his  childhood  some  eighty  years  since.  This 
house  is  at  the  Hundred  which  took  its  name  from  a 
creek.  A  little  higher  up  the  river  is  Shirley  Plain, 
then  the  wharf,  or  where  it  once  was  —  upon  which 
the  Guinea  ships  used  to  land  their  numerous  slaves. 
I  saw  the  grove  through  which  he  used  to  wander 
when  young.  The  sight  of  all  these  places  appeared 
like  so  many  old  acquaintances  and  filled  me  with  a 
train  of  ineffable  sadness." 

Mrs.  Royall  adds  a  pleasantly  illuminative  foot- 
note which  shows  that,  in  her  young  days,  at  least, 
she  was  easily  managed: 

' '  His  favorite  spaniel  was  named  Spad,  and,  from 
all  accounts,  he  was  worth  his  weight  in  gold.  He 
would  follow  the  wounded  ducks  for  miles  and  bring 
them  to  his  master.  During  our  winter  evenings  my 
husband  used  to  relate  many  of  these  ancient  tales; 
and  being  extremely  fond  of  fowling,  many  of  these 
anecdotes  related  to  his  dog  and  his  gun.  But  Spad, 
though  the  best  of  his  kind  when  in  good  humour, 


ANNE  ROYALL  41 

would  sometimes  get  in  the  pouts  and  run  home  as 
fast  as  his  legs  would  carry  him.  Deaf  to  all  en- 
treaty, he  would  leave  his  master  to  get  the  ducks 
out  of  the  water  the  best  way  he  could.  Whenever 
I  got  in  the  pouts,  my  husband  would  uniformly  call 
me  'Spad,'  which  never  failed  to  restore  me  to  good 
humour." 

Anne  was  considerably  afraid  of  the  man  she 
worshiped,  for  she  lived  in  a  day  when  the  man  was 
still  "the  head  of  the  woman."  The  following  anec- 
dote gives  as  clear  a  picture  of  old  Captain  Royall 
as  Harry  Fielding,  himself,  could  have  drawn.  Re- 
ceiving news  of  an  election  in  western  Virginia,  Mrs. 
Royal  writes: 

"The  people  have  elected  C.  C.  Were  there  ever 
such  fools?  They  must  have  been  intoxicated!  Can 
America  stand?  Can  she  preserve  her  liberty  thus? 
She  cannot.  She  ought  not.  They  are  prodigal  of 
their  sovereignty,  indeed.  It  appears  to  be  painful 
to  them.  To  elect  the  greatest  fool,  by  all  odds  the 
greatest  fool  in  the  country.  You  know  he  always 
has  'Lord  Hale'  in  his  mouth.  This  'Lord  Hale' 
(the  new  Representative)  came  to  our  house  and  spent 
a  day.  You  know  my  husband's  hospitality.  He 
entertained  all  alike.  Court  was  sitting  at  this  time 
at  Sweet  Springs  and  this  booby  (how  he  ever  came 
to  be  licensed  as  a  lawyer  is  strange)  while  at  the 
dinner  table  began  to  repeat  a  part  of  a  defence  he 
had  made  for  a  criminal.  In  doing  this  he  referred 
to  Lord  Hale's  'Plea  for  the  Crown.'  Finding  we 
were  all  silent,  he  took  it  for  granted  that  we  were 
all  delighted,  and  launched  out  in  praise  of  Demos- 
thenes and  Cicero.  My  husband  had  remained  silent 
until,  weary  of  the  fool,  he  at  last  asked,  'Who  was 
this  Demosthenes?  I  am  very  ignorant  of  these 
things?'     'You  don't  know  who  Demosthenes  was? 


42  ANNE  ROYALL 

Why,  lie  was  a  great  Roman  Emperor ;  and  Cato  was 
another.  There  are  very  few  things  come  amiss  to 
me. '  Thus  he  kept  on  until  he  swept  away  all  the  great 
men  of  antiquity,  whilst  I  suffered  the  ordeal  in  si- 
lence, since  being  at  my  own  table,  I  dared  not  laugh. 
My  husband  never  laughed  at  anything.  But  this  day 
he  did  something  much  better.  He  always  sat  some 
time  at  table  after  the  cloth  was  removed,  and  had 
a  fashion  of  leaning  forward,  when  displeased,  upon 
his  arms,  which  were  usually  crossed,  at  the  same 
time  biting  his  thumb.  I  always  trembled  when  I 
saw  this;  nor  dared  I  rise  from  the  table  until  he 
made  a  signal.  Though  our  house  was  usually  full, 
we  happened  to  have  no  one  this  day  but  'Lord  Hale.' 
At  length,  my  husband,  addressing  his  Lordship,  said, 
'  Now,  what  a  damned  fool  you  are !  This  is  the  way 
you  expose  yourself.  Do  you  know  you  are  a  laugh- 
ing-stock for  the  whole  country?  My  dog,  Citizen  (a 
favorite  pointer)  has  more  sense.  Just  go  home  and 
go  to  plowing,  for,  if  my  dog  could  speak  he  would 
make  a  better  lawyer.'  " 

Mrs.  Royall  adds,  "C.  C.  took  it  in  good  part  and 
said  it  was  the  best  lesson  he  ever  learned. ' '  She  also 
admits,  somewhat  grudgingly,  that  in  after  years  no 
matter  which  side  C.  C.  took  he  always  won. 

After  sixteen  years  of  contented  married  life, 
William  Royall  died  of  a  painful  and  lingering  illness 
through  which  his  wife  nursed  him  with  tenderest  love 
and  care.  His  will  was  recorded  at  Monroe,  March 
Court,  1813.     It  is  a  short  document,  but  explicit. 

' '  In  the  name  of  God,  AMEN.  I,  William  Royall, 
of  Monroe  County,  do  make  and  ordain  this,  my  last 
Will  and  Testament  in  manner  and  form  following 
viz:  I  give  unto  my  wife,  Ann,  the  use  of  all  my 
Estate,  both  Real  and  Personal,  (except  one  tract 
of  land)   during  her  widowhood.     I  also  give  unto 


ANNE  ROYALL  43 

Ann  Malvina  Cowan,  when  she  comes  of  the  age 
Eighteen,  one  bed  and  furniture,  one  Cow  and  Calf 
and  one  tract  of  Land  lying  and  being  at  the  mouth 
of  Elk  River  as  per  patent  bearing  date  etc,  found 
in  the  county  of  Kennahway,  or  Four  Hundred  in 
leiu  thereof,  if  she  chuses,  to  her  and  her  heirs  for- 
ever. After  my  wife's  decease  I  give  all  my  Estate 
unto  William  Archer,  Son  of  John  Archer,  to  him 
and  his  heirs  forever.  That  my  lands,  or  so  much  of 
them  as  will  discharge  all  my  debts,  be  sold  for  that 
purpose. 

"I  do  appoint  my  wife,  Ann  Royall,  Executrix 
and  William  Archer  Executor  of  this  my  last  Will 
and  Testament,  revoking  all  others.  Dated  this  fourth 
day  of  November,  Eighteen  hundred  and  Eight. 

"W.  Royall     (seal) 
' '  Signed  in  presence  of 

"James  Wiley 

"Mary  Butler" 

William  Archer  was  the  son  of  a  half-brother  of 
William  Royall.  In  his  later  life  William  Archer 
served  as  Representative  in  Congress,  where  his  testi- 
mony proved  of  value  in  establishing  the  genuineness 
of  Mrs.  Royall's  assertions  as  to  her  husband's  long 
and  valuable  military  service.  Ann  Cowan  was  the 
niece  and  namesake  of  Mrs.  Royall.  Apparently  she 
lived  with  Captain  and  Mrs.  Royall  at  Sweet  Springs. 

The  will  was  at  once  disputed  by  a  nephew  of 
Captain  Royall.     Ten  years  of  litigation  followed. 


CHAPTER  III 

Anne  Royall  in  Her  Prime 

King  Cophetua  was  dead,  and  his  aristocratic  rel- 
atives and  friends  were  anxious  to  see  his  widow 
speedily  return  to  her  original  beggar  estate. 

William  Royall  was  no  sooner  in  his  grave  than 
slander  began  its  best-loved  task  —  the  discrediting 
of  marital  relations,  with  all  blame  laid  on  the  woman. 
The  accusation  was  freely  circulated  through  the 
county,  even  through  the  state,  back  to  Amelia  county 
where  Royall  was  born,  that  Anne  Newport  was  never 
legally  married  to  the  man  who,  in  his  last  will  and 
testament,  called  her  his  wife.  That  will,  said  those 
who  were  trying  to  break  it,  was  either  a  forgery  or 
was  obtained  from  the  old  man  by  undue  influence 
when  he  was  in  a  state  of  partial  senility.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  will,  rumor  coupled  the  name  of  a  young 
lawyer  with  that  of  Anne  to  her  discredit.  The 
very  phrasing  of  the  will,  itself,  the  clause  allowing 
Anne  to  have  the  use  of  the  property  only  during 
her  widowhood,  prove  the  baselessness  of  the  charge 
either  of  forgery  or  of  undue  influence.  As  will  be 
shown  later,  documentary  proof  exists  which  proves 
these  charges  false.  Nevertheless,  brought  to  her  by 
busybodies  in  the  early  months  of  her  widowhood,  they 
caused  her  much  pain  and  humiliation.     Apparently, 


ANNE  ROYALL  45 

she  never  for  one  moment  believed  it  possible  that  the 
litigation  begun  by  her  husband 's  nephew  could  result 
in  setting  aside  the  will  made  in  her  favor. 

Soon  a  strange  restlessness  came  over  her.  She 
missed  the  care  which  for  months  she  had  given  her 
invalid  husband.  She  missed  the  kind,  yet  dominating 
mastership  which  had  ruled  her  life  completely  for 
twenty-eight  years.  Most  of  all,  she  missed  the  intellec- 
tual companionship  which  had  formed  the  strongest 
bond  between  herself  and  her  scholarly  husband.  In  a 
significant  passage  upon  the  duty  of  cultivating  a 
child's  reason  and  instilling  a  love  of  humanity  from 
the  earliest  years,  Mrs.  Royall  gives  us  a  glimpse  of 
her  mental  state  when  Captain  Royall  began  her  real 
education.  Using  the  vernacular  of  the  mountain 
region,  she  writes: 

"When  I  was  yet  a  very  small  child,  being  a 
'terrible'  great  scholar,  and  a  'cruel'  good  reader,  my 
mother,  proud  of  her  first-born,  procured  scores  of 
'  little  histories '  for  me  to  read  —  such  as  '  The  Seven 
Wise  Masters,'  'Paddy  from  Cork,'  etc.  Many  an 
hour  did  I  pore  over  those  'little  histories.'  I  knew 
they  were  stories,  that  is  falsehoods,  and  what  was 
the  consequence?  When  I  came  to  read  real  history 
I  had  no  more  idea  that  it  was  reality  than  I  had 
that  Aladdin  and  his  lamp  were  true.  The  very  name 
history,  of  all  others,  bore  the  impression  of  falsehood, 
and  it  was  long  before  I  could  believe  that  history 
was  a  record  of  facts ;  and  had  I  not  fortunately  fallen 
in  with  a  person  of  learning,  I  should  have  delved  at 
'little  histories'  all  my  life." 

That  "person  of  learning"  was  William  Royall, 
and  never  yet  had  schoolmaster  an  apter  or  more 
eager  pupil  than  he  found  in  young  Anne  Newport. 


46  ANNE  ROYALL 

Captain  Royall  constantly  led  Anne  to  the  contempla- 
tion of  the  principles  of  just  government  as  laid  down 
by  his  master,  Thomas  Jefferson.  This  training  in 
state  politics  was  the  foundation  of  Mrs.  Royall 's 
newspaper  work  long  afterward. 

Nor  did  Captain  Royall  neglect  the  English  clas- 
sics in  the  education  of  the  wild  little  maid  that  had 
wandered  to  his  door.  Anne  knew  Shakespeare,  Gold- 
smith, and  Addison  by  heart.  But,  after  she  found 
out  its  real  meaning,  her  dearest  love  and  his,  was  the 
study  of  history.  It  is  an  odd  picture  —  the  old 
hermit-philosopher  and  the  forest-bred  girl  following, 
from  their  wild  mountain  fastness,  the  unfolding  of 
the  great  world-drama  as  played  upon  the  stage  of 
earth  from  the  beginning  up  to  their  own  day.  If 
Royall  taught  his  enthusiastic  pupil  that  the  act  in 
which  he,  himself,  took  part  —  the  American  Revolu- 
tion —  was  the  most  significant  and  most  glorious  in 
the  long  series  who  shall  blame  him  ?     Perhaps  it  was. 

Anne  read  all  the  books  in  her  husband's  great 
library;  many  of  them  she  read  over  and  over  again. 
Tradition  says,  also,  that  she  read  every  book  belong- 
ing to  the  neighbors  scattered  miles  apart  over  the 
bleak  mountain  sides.     Mrs.  Maloney  writes: 

"Hearing  that  my  great-aunt  had  some  Welsh 
books  handed  down  from  past  generations,  I  asked  her 
to  let  me  see  them.  She  replied:  'They  are  lost. 
Anne  Royall  who  used  to  live  over  on  Sweet  Springs 
mountain  borrowed  them  and  never  returned  them 
after  her  husband's  death.  Anne  read  every  book  she 
could  lay  her  hands  on.'  " 

But,  for  awhile,  after  Captain  Royall  died,  books 
seemed  to  lose  their  charm  for  Anne.     An  intense 


ANNE  ROYALL  47 

longing  to  see  the  world  came  over  her.  She  hated  the 
bleak  mountain  walls  that  shut  her  in.  Selling  a 
house  and  two  lots  of  land,  in  Charlestown,  that  be- 
longed to  her,  she  used  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  for 
a  trip  south.  The  taste  of  freedom  proved  sweet. 
She  writes  exultantly :  ' '  Hitherto,  I  have  only  learned 
mankind  in  theory  —  but  I  am  now  studying  him  in 
practice.  One  learns  more  in  a  day  by  mixing  with 
mankind  than  he  can  in  an  age  shut  up  in  a  closet." 
From  that  opinion  Anne  Royall  never  receded.  Her 
merely  studious  days  were  over.  Thenceforth,  she 
would  mix  with  men  and  women,  join  in  their  strug- 
gles, feel  their  heartaches,  fight  their  battles  and,  above 
all,  hold  aloft  before  them  (shake,  if  you  will)  the 
United  States  flag  as  a  constant  reminder  of  their  civic 
duty.  With  every  step  she  took  in  the  newly  settled 
southern  and  southwestern  states  and  territories,  her 
patriotism  grew  stronger. 

Mrs.  Royall  traveled  very  comfortably,  with  a 
retinue  of  three  slaves  —  two  men  and  a  maid  —  and 
a  courier.  There  were  warmth,  comfort,  and  cheer 
in  plenty  at  those  old  roomy  southern  inns  which 
were  often  kept  by  rich  and  educated  owners  who  were 
also  mail  contractors.  The  guests  had  no  desire  for 
speed.  They  had  time,  and  to  spare,  for  viewing  the 
beauties  of  Nature,  for  full  enjoyment  of  the  cook's 
savory  productions,  for  prolonged  converse  in  stately 
forms  of  speech,  and  for  almost  unending  serious  dis- 
cussion concerning  the  needs  of  the  new  United  States 
so  dear  to  all  their  hearts.  Not  the  least  pleasant 
feature  of  those  old-time  southern  taverns  was  the 


48  ANNE  ROYALL 

just-before-bed-time  hour  in  one's  big  chamber.     Mrs. 
Royall  writes: 

"I  am  never  better  pleased  than  when  seated  by 
a  bright  fire  and  a  well-swept  hearth  with  a  candle 
by  my  side.  I  have  a  pair  of  snuffers,  too,  and  a 
snuffer-tray.  But  one  who  was  raised  in  the  woods 
you  know,  can  easily  dispense  with  a  snuffer-tray.  I 
confess,  though,  I  hate  that  practice  of  snuffing  the 
candle  with  your  fingers.  I  was  going  to  say  that  noth- 
ing gives  me  greater  pleasure  than  to  seize  my  pen  at 
night,  sitting  comfortably,  as  just  described,  and  talk- 
ing to  you  on  paper." 

Mrs.  Royall's  correspondent  is  a  young  man 
whom  she  addresses  as  ' '  Matt ' '  —  probably  the  young 
lawyer  before  mentioned. 

We  get  one  or  two  vivid  glimpses  of  ' '  Matt ' '  and 
Mrs.  Royall's  almost  motherly  relation  to  him. 
Writing  in  1817  from  Cabell  Court  House,  she  says: 

"You  say  you  are  going  to  Ohio  to  spend  the 
winter  —  for  your  health,  I  presume.  Better  go  to 
North  Carolina  or  any  southern  climate.  Go  to  bed 
early  and  rise  betimes  in  the  morning.  You  ruin 
your  health  by  sitting  up  late.  Hang  the  cards!  I 
never  knew  any  good  to  come  from  them.  They  will, 
if  you  persist  in  them,  cost  you  your  health,  your 
reputation,  perhaps  your  life.  Oh,  Matt,  quit  them 
and  pursue  something  more  worthy  of  yourself ! ' ' 

Again  she  writes  to  him: 

"If  I  were  not  the  best  tempered  person  in  the 
world,  I  should  get  into  a  pet  and  quit  this  correspon- 
dence. If  it  were  not  for  some  way  to  pass  off  the 
time,  I  would  do  so.  I  have  not  received  a  word  from 
you  in  three  weeks.  What  are  you  about?  Are  you 
sick,  or  sullen,  or  are  you  bemiring  your  horse  and 
yourself  by  riding  up  and  down  the  river  through  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  49 

mud?  Or,  taking  the  opportunity  of  my  absence, 
have  you  gone  to  your  old  tricks  again?  I  shall  be 
likely  to  hear  no  good  of  you,  I  suspect.  When  I 
return  I  mean  to  make  very  particular  inquiries  about 
you;  and  there  are  not  wanting  those  who  will  tell  me 
the  truth  about  you,  and  a  great  deal  more." 

Between  the  years  1817  and  1823  Mrs.  Royall 
spent  most  of  her  time  in  the  south.  She  made  flying 
trips  back  to  western  Virginia  but  never  lived  there 
again.  She  writes:  "They  look  well,  but  nothing 
wears  worse  than  mountains.  I  have  suffered  too 
much  among  the  mountains  ever  to  love  them." 

The  successful  termination  of  the  war  of  1812 
had  left  Americans  jubilant.  Almost  every  other  citi- 
zen of  the  triumphant  United  States  would  have  felt 
just  as  Anne  Royall  felt  when  she  found  herself  travel- 
ling through  Andrew  Jackson's  country: 

' '  At  length,  I  have  reached  the  state  of  Tennessee, 
the  land  of  heroes.  I  have  been  in  the  state  about 
three  hours  and  already  I  seem  to  tread  on  sacred 
ground.  As  I  rode  to  the  inn  where  I  now  am,  I  was 
informed  that  I  was  in  Tennessee,  and  I  immediately 
fell  into  a  train  of  pleasant  musing.  The  victory  of 
New  Orleans,  the  battles  of  Talushatches,  Talladega, 
and  Emuckfrau  all  passed  in  retrospection  before  me 
—  the  brave,  the  intrepid,  the  invincible  JACKSON, 
and  his  brilliant  achievements,  engrossed  every  faculty 
of  my  mind.  I  shall  see  him,  I  thought,  I  shall  now 
be  gratified  with  a  sight  of  the  brave  Tenneseeans 
whose  valor  has  secured  forever  the  honor  of  their 
state. ' ' 

A  little  later  she  writes: 
"Dear  Matt, 

"Good  news  awaits  you.  Read  on.  Having  se- 
cured a  few  books,  I  was  devouring  'Phillips's  Speech- 


50  ANNE  EOYALL 

es'  (first  sight  of  the  book)  in  a  corner,  when 
I  heard  a  loud  cry,  'General  Jackson  comes.'  Run- 
ning to  my  window  I  saw  him  walking  slowly  up  the 
hill  between  two  gentlemen,  his  aids.  He  was  dressed 
in  a  blue  frock  coat  with  epaulettes,  a  common  hat 
with  a  black  cockade,  and  a  sword  by  his  side.  He 
is  very  tall  and  slender.  He  walked  on  by  our  door 
to  Major  Wyatt's,  his  companion  in  arms,  where  he 
put  up  for  the  night.  His  person  is  finely  shaped, 
and  his  features  not  handsome,  but  strikingly  bold  and 
determined.  He  appears  to  be  about  fifty  years  of 
age.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  dignity  about  him.  He 
related  many  hardships  endured  by  his  men  but  never 
breathed  a  word  of  his  own.  His  language  is  pure 
and  fluent,  and  he  has  the  appearance  of  having  kept 
the  best  company." 

This  correspondence  between  Mrs.  Royall  and  the 
young  lawyer  is  a  strange  one  in  some  respects,  in- 
cluding, as  it  does,  discussions  upon  education,  litera- 
ture, religion,  politics,  social  vices  and  their  remedy, 
crop  statistics,  and  clever  portraiture  of  persons  and 
places.  Matt's  letters  are  lost.  Of  his  side  of  this 
interesting  correspondence  we  have  only  scattered  and 
broken  reflections  in  his  correspondent's  answers. 
Often  he  shows  himself  petulantly  ungrateful  for  all 
the  pains  Mrs.  Royall  takes  to  amuse  him  in  his  in- 
validism. He  grumbles  when  her  letters  are  short 
and  complains  of  their  length  when  they  are  long. 
But  she  is  always  good-natured  and  patient  with  him. 
Constantly,  without  direct  preaching,  she  holds  up 
high  ideals.  The  just  critic  will  feel  that  these  let- 
ters were  written  by  a  good  and  a  pure  woman.  No 
adulteress  and  forger  would  ever  have  written  thus 
to  a  young  man.     This  correspondence,  printed  under 


ANNE  ROYALL  51 

the  rather  incorrect  title,  Letters  from  Alabama, 
ought  to  dispose  of  the  ghost  of  slander  that,  even  to 
this  day,  in  some  quarters,  shadows  Anne  Royall's 
name. 

Apparently,  Matt  is  inclined  to  be  pessimistic. 
He  sees  little  hope  of  redemption  of  the  world  through 
education.  Mrs.  Royall  takes  issue  with  him  on  this 
point : 

"Respecting  your  last  letter,  you  say,  and  very 
plausibly,  too,  'No  wonder  the  ignorant  are  preju- 
diced against  learning,  when  they  see  learned  men 
inflicting  every  evil,  cheating,  defrauding,  and  op- 
pressing the  poor.' 

"Aware  of  these  objections  'made,  acted  and 
done,'  to  use  one  of  your  law  phrases,  I  am  ready 
to  enter  my  rejoinder.  The  very  reason  you  adduce 
to  excuse  the  ignorant,  is  the  reason  I  would  advance 
against  them.  If  their  minds  were  improved  they 
would  not  become  the  dupes  and  victims  of  their 
learned  neighbors.  They  would  then  be  able  to  cope 
,with  them.  If  men  of  the  best  learning  and  parts 
often  fall  a  sacrifice  to  the  artful  disguises  which 
hypocrisy  and  knavery  put  on,  how,  then,  are  the 
ignorant  to  escape  ?  If  education  was  better  attended 
to,  it  would  greatly  alleviate  the  evils  of  fraud  and 
oppression.  If  a  few,  now  and  then,  emerge  from 
the  night  of  ignorance,  the  great  mass  of  people  are 
still  the  same,  and  this  ignorance  is  to  be  our  downfall. 
It  strikes  at  the  vitals  of  our  liberty.  It  affects  our 
nation  morally  and  politically,  and  the  few  are  soon 
to  rule  the  many,  instead  of  the  many  ruling  the  few. 

I  would  not,  as  someone  has  said,  have  them  all 
philosophers ;  but  I  would  have  them  raised  above  the 
brute  creation.  I  would  have  them  know  they  are 
endowed  with  Reason.  I  would  have  them  know  this 
Reason  was  bestowed  upon  them  as  a  guide  to  enable 
them  to  distinguish  between  right  and  wrong,  truth 


52  ANNE  ROYALL 

from  falsehood,  good  from  evil.  I  would  have  them 
know  that  it  is  the  cultivation  of  this  Reason,  alone, 
that  can  secure  to  them  its  advantages.  As  a  fertile 
field,  without  cultivation,  produces  nothing  but  nox- 
ious weeds,  so  our  Reason  without  cultivation,  is  of 
no  more  advantage  to  us  in  transacting  the  common 
concerns  of  life,  than  if  we  were  destitute  of  this  glory 
of  human  nature.  But  I  am  sleepy  and  must  bid  you 
good  night." 

Trite  enough,  in  this  age,  that  preaching  may 
sound.  Nevertheless  it  is  doubtful  if  three  other 
women  in  the  United  States,  in  the  year  1818,  held 
such  advanced  views  on  popular  education. 

There  was  no  other  subject  upon  which  Anne 
Royall  felt  more  deeply  than  that  of  woman's  inhu- 
manity to  woman.  Once  Matt's  conventional  views 
seem  to  anger  her  and  she  replies,  spiritedly: 

' '  You  ask  what  I  would  have  ladies  do  —  '  take 
such  persons  into  their  homes,  associate  with  them?' 

"Yes,  if  they  repent;  I  would  not  only  take  them 
into  my  house,  but  unto  my  bosom.  I  would  wipe  the 
tears  from  their  eyes  —  I  would  soothe  their  sorrows, 
and  support  them  in  the  trying  hour.  I  would  divide 
my  last  morsel  with  them. 

"For  those  who  would  not  repent  —  if  they  were 
hungry  I  would  feed  them ;  if  they  were  naked  I  would 
clothe  them;  and,  much  more,  if  they  were  sick,  I 
would  minister  unto  them;  I  would  admonish  them, 
and  I  would  then  have  done.  "What  did  our  Saviour? 
I  would  not  revile  them.  I  would  not  persecute  them. 
Good  night,  I  beg  pardon  for  troubling  you  with  a 
long  letter.     I  was  led  on  by  my  feelings." 

Anne  Royall  lived  up  to  the  creed  of  womanly 
charity  that  she  preached.  Always,  wherever  she 
went,  there  was  a  repentant  (and  sometimes  an  unre- 


ANNE  ROYALL  53 

pentant)  Magdalen  clinging  to  her  for  protection  and 
sympathy.  Long  after  that  letter  was  written,  Mrs. 
Royall's  poor  dwelling  in  Washington  served  almost 
continuously  as  a  refuge  for  some  homeless  fallen 
woman.  Often,  too,  Mrs.  Royall's  own  reputation 
suffered  thereby. 

Melton's  Bluff  was  Mrs.  Royall's  favorite  stop- 
ping-place. She  spent  many  months  there  each  year 
for  several  years.  The  company  was  lively.  There 
were  dances,  picnics,  camping-parties,  musical  enter- 
tainments without  end.  Into  this  gayety  Mrs.  Royall, 
bright,  witty,  entertaining,  entered  with  all  her  heart. 

Florence,  Alabama,  was  another  place  which  Mrs. 
Royall  liked  exceedingly.  She  was  entertained  by 
many  wealthy  families  there  and  gave  several  dinners 
in  return.  Called  on  once  for  a  toast,  unexpectedly, 
she  says:  "I  gave  the  following,  said  to  have  been 
given  extempore  by  one  of  my  Irish  ancestors: 

Health  to  the  sick, 
"Wealth  to  the  brave, 
A  husband  to  the  widow, 
And  freedom  to  the  slave. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  almost  drops  into  poetry  over  the 
beauty  of  the  city  of  Savannah,  Georgia: 

' '  The  streets  of  Savannah  are  one  sea  of  sand ;  the 
novelty  of  this,  and  the  pride  of  China  (alias  China- 
tree)  in  full  bloom,  filling  the  air  with  the  sweetest 
fragrance,  the  profusion  of  its  foliage,  and  the  soft 
tinge  of  its  exuberant  flowers,  the  hum  of  insects,  the 
Cabbage-tree,  the  fruit  shops,  the  genial  sunshine,  and 
the  pleasant  shade  —  I  have  no  name  for  the  scene  — 
Savannah  is  the  garden  spot  of  the  south,  whether  as 
to  opulence,  trade,  hospitality,  or  site.     It  certainly 


54  ANNE  ROYALL 

does  not  surpass  Wilmington  or  Camden  in  hospital- 
ity or  refinement,  for  that  is  impossible,  but  it  equals 
them  in  this  respect,  and  greatly  exceeds  them  in 
numbers. 

"Amongst  the  novelties  of  Savannah  I  was  amus- 
ed at  the  gait  of  the  people,  as  they  walked  the  streets. 
They  are  so  much  accustomed  to  wade  through  the 
sand,  that  they  have  contracted  a  habit,  something 
like  a  wading-step,  as  one  would  walk  through  a  bed 
of  tough  brick  mortar.  Their  gait  is  slow  and  regu- 
lar, their  step  long,  the  head  thrown  back  —  the  better 
to  breathe  I  suspect  —  and  they  rise  and  fall  every 
step.     This  is  more  strongly  marked  in  the  men." 

With  New  Orleans,  also,  she  was  enchanted: 

"I  shrink  from  the  task  in  despair,  I  confess,  of 
portraying  the  beauty  which  meets  the  eye.  All  I  can 
say  of  it  is  that  it  is  one  blaze  of  flowers,  with  groves 
and  gardens  of  incomprehensible  beauty,  doubtless  the 
most  finished  picture  of  landscape  art  in  the  world 
—  not  an  atom  of  room  left  for  improvement.  One  is 
astonished  at  the  skill  displayed  by  the  magic  hand  of 
taste  in  laying  out  these  gardens  for  which  we  have 
no  parallel.  The  dark  green  avenues  of  orange  trees 
and  magnolias,  all  in  bloom  —  on  each  side  of  these 
run  hedges  of  roses  intermingled  with  flowers  of  every 
hue,  white,  blue,  scarlet,  purple  and  yellow,  forming 
one  solid  representation  of  bright  gems,  as  varied  as 
the  rainbow." 

She  continues: 

1 '  The  ladies  of  New  Orleans  have  been  variously 
represented,  as  the  humour  or  taste  of  the  traveler 
felt  disposed.  From  seeing  them  mostly  in  the  public 
places,  and  generally  veiled,  one  cannot  give  a  correct 
idea  of  them.  Nor  have  I  met  with  any  town  where 
there  is  less  uniformity.  There  is  every  shade,  as  the 
poet  said,  from  '  snowy  white  to  sooty. '  Here  you  see 
a  little  squat,  yellow  foreigner  from  the  West  Indies 


ANNE  ROYALL  55 

—  from  South  America  —  from  no  one  knows  where, 
covered  with  the  finest  lace;  yards  of  it,  and  glitter- 
ing with  jewels ;  and  again,  a  tall  elegant  figure  from 
France  —  England,  Netherlands,  or  Poland.  Some- 
times a  face  of  inexpressible  beauty,  and,  again,  one 
of  horror;  sometimes  a  face  of  lily  whiteness,  and 
next  to  her  one  of  saffron,  and  so  on  to  coal  black." 

In  Mrs.  Royall's  eyes,  Alabama  was  almost  whol- 
ly good: 

1 '  I  have  seen  no  state  or  country  equal  to  it.  The 
people  wealthy,  and  generous,  the  land  rich,  the  fields 
large,  its  rivers  deep  and  smooth,  its  lofty  bluffs,  its 
majestic  trees,  its  dark  green  forests  —  altogether 
grand. ' ' 

In  spite  of  her  strong  states'  rights  views,  the 
shadow  of  slavery  in  the  beautiful  land  where  she 
tarried  constantly  oppressed  Mrs.  Royall.  Once  when 
she  was  visiting  a  plantation  owned  by  General  Jack- 
son, "kindest  and  best  of  masters,"  she  says: 

"As  I  lingered  behind  the  party  thinking  of  m> 
own  negro  children,  the  little  things  flocked  around 
me,  and  as  they  were  looking  up  into  my  face,  eager 
to  be  caressed,  I  discovered  traces  of  tears  on  some 
of  their  cheeks.  Oh,  Slavery!  Slavery!  Nothing 
can  soften  thee!     Thou  art  Slavery  still!" 

Again,  she  writes: 

"With  all  the  blessings  here  we  have  a  few  curses 
and  one  of  them  is  slavery.  Not  that  the  slaves  are 
treated  badly,  if  we  except  the  total  neglect  of  their 
owners  to  enlighten  their  minds,  they  live  as  well  their 
masters  and  are  by  no  means  as  hard  tasked." 

Years  afterward,  when  her  own  slaves  were  all 
scattered,  Mrs.  Royall  spent  much  time  and  money 


56  ANNE  ROYALL 

trying  to  trace  them  to  find  out  if  they  were  well 
treated.  Nevertheless,  she  always  stoutly  insisted 
that  slavery  was  a  question  which  each  state  should 
settle  for  itself. 

For  the  dumb  beasts,  too,  Anne  Royall  spoke  her 
word : 

"One  shrinks  with  horror  at  the  barbarity  here 
to  poor,  innocent  beasts.  A  curse  must  fall  upon  a 
land  so  lost  to  feeling.  These  innocent  creatures  were 
given  to  us  for  our  use  and  not  to  glut  a  worse  than 
savage   disposition." 

Mrs.  Royall  always  found  time  to  read : 

"Melton's  Bluff,  Feb.  6,  1818. 
"Dear  Matt:  — 

"You  ask  me  if  I  have  books.  Yes,  I  have  read 
'Salmagundi,'  'Phillips's  Speeches,'  and  Lady  Mor- 
gan's 'France,'  all  new  to  me.  They  are  very  inter- 
esting. Standing  in  a  store  one  day  I  saw  a  book 
lying  among  some  rubbish,  and,  requesting  the  clerk 
to  hand  it  to  me,  after  I  had  brushed  the  dust  from  it 
I  found  it  to  be  'Salmagundi,'  a  humorous  and  well- 
written  work  by  a  Mr.  Irving  of  New  York.  'Oh,' 
said  the  boy,  'that  is  not  a  good  book.  If  you  want 
a  book  to  read,  here  is  a  good  book,'  and  he  handed 
me  Russell's  'Seven  Sermons.'  He  put  me  in  mind 
of  old  Mrs.  W  —  whom  you  must  have  known.  She 
came  to  our  house  one  Sunday  (she  hardly  missed  a 
Sunday)  when  I  was  reading  Buff  on  and,  laying  the 
book  on  a  chair  to  attend  to  something  about  the 
house,  the  woman  picked  it  up  and,  turning  over  the 
leaves,  said,  'La,  do  you  read  such  books  on  Sunday?' 
"  'Why,  what  is  the  matter  with  it?' 
' '  '  Why;  it  aint  a  good  book.  I  never  would  read 
such  a  book  on  the  Sabbath. '  Now  this  woman  would 
pick  whortleberries,   and  even  wash  her  clothes  on 


ANNE  ROYALL  57 

Sunday.  The  young  man  was  doubtless  of  the  same 
stamp. 

' '  Have  you  seen  Lady  Morgan 's  '  France  ? '  You 
will  be  pleased  with  it.  For  a  woman  she  is  a  fine 
writer.  This  work  will  long  remain  a  standing  evi- 
dence of  that  towering  genius  which  knows  no  sex. 
Her  delineations  of  men  and  manners  are  well-drawn. 
Her  style  is  nervous,  glowing  and  pure,  and  discov- 
ers a  perfect  knowledge  of  mankind.  She  is  the  best 
portrayer  I  have  met  with  except  "Voltaire.  She 
descends  to  the  bottom  and  searches  the  lowest  depths 
of  society.  She  reascends  amongst  the  nobility  and 
gentry,  and  unlocks  the  cabinets  of  kings  and  min- 
isters. She  examines  for  herself.  She  bursts  the 
chains  of  prejudice,  and  comes  forth  in  honors  all  her 
own.  This  female,  an  honor  to  her  sex,  and  the  bright- 
est ornament  of  literature,  was  once,  it  seems,  an 
actress  on  the  stage. 

"I  have  seen  several  new  novels  which,  with  the 
exception  of  Walter  Scott's,  I  do  not  read.  Insipid, 
nauseous  stuff,  I  cannot  endure  them  —  they  are  so 
stuffed  with  unmeaning  words.  Now  what  do  you 
say  to  '  playfulness, '  '  fastidious  witchery  ? '  How  silly 
in  sound  and  significance ;  it  makes  one  sick,  and  serves 
no  purpose  but  to  entangle  the  subject  and  obscure  the 
sense.  And,  by  the  way,  these  silly  novel  writers  must 
show  their  learning.  Profound  philosophers !  Deep- 
ly read  in  history!  Simpletons!  "We  suppose  every 
one  knows  these  things!  But,  as  some  one  has  said, 
'let  blockheads  read  what  blockheads  write.' 

' '  But  I  find  these  novels  corrupt  the  morals  of  our 
females  and  engender  hardness  of  heart  to  real  dis- 
tress. Those  most  pleased  with  fictitious  distress 
have  hearts  as  hard  as  iron.  If  they  are  pleased  with 
one  who  relieves  fictitious  distress,  the  reality  ought  to 
please  them  much  more,  and  every  one  may  be  a  real 
hero  or  heroine,  with  less  trouble  than  writing  or 
reading  a  romance.  Let  them  just  step  into  the 
streets,  the  highways,  or  the  hovel  of  the  widow  and 


58  ANNE  EOYALL 

orphan.  Heaven  knows  they  may  find  enough  there. 
They  need  not  look  in  books  for  distress.  I  have  seen 
pictures  of  real  distress,  which  greatly  exceeded  the 
pen  of  any  novel  writer;  and  yet  none  heeds  it.  Re- 
lieving these  would  be  Godlike  and  would  import  a 
heaven  on  earth.     But  you  like  short  letters. 

"Adieu." 

At  the  close  of  a  decidedly  free-thought  commun- 
ication Mrs.  Royall  writes: 

"A  preacher  here  again,  as  I  hope  to  live!  And 
he  is  going  to  preach,  too.  The  house  is  filling  fast  — 
a  great  many  women,  few  men.  I  shall  put  this  away 
and  join  them  in  worship.  I  shall  leave  my  prejudice 
behind  with  my  ink  and  paper.  Be  he  Jew  or  Turk 
I  care  not.  In  the  firm  belief  that  the  worship  of  God 
is  paramount  to  all  other  duties,  I  spurn  the  narrow 
mind  which  is  attached  to  a  sect  or  part,  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  rest  of  mankind.  Can  I  not  implore 
the  Divine  mercy?  Can  I  not  praise  that  fountain 
of  all  excellence  as  sincerely  with  these  people  as  with 
others?  You  will  laugh  and  think  I  am  jesting;  but 
I  assure  you,  my  friend,  I  am  serious.  I  am  far  from 
being  among  the  number  of  those  who  set  at  naught 
the  worship  of  the  Deity,  however  much  I  may  deplore 
the  abominable  prostitution  of  that  religion  which  is 
pure  and  undefiled.     Go  thou  and  do  likewise." 

Once,  when  he  was  in  good  humor,  Matt  pleases 
Mrs.  Royall  immensely  by  complimenting  her  epis- 
tolary style.     She  replies: 

"Am  I  not  a  good  old  lady  to  send  you  so  much 
amusement  ?  I  have  a  notion  of  turning  author  some 
day  for,  though  I  know  you  are  only  indulging  in 
your  irony  (is  that  the  way  to  treat  your  betters  you 
saucy  rogue?),  let  me  tell  you  I  would  not  make 
the  worst  author  in  the  world." 

And  she  did  not. 


CHAPTER  IV 
Northern  Tour 

At  last  the  blow  fell.  In  1823  the  suit  to  break 
"William  Royall's  will  was  decided  against  his  widow. 
Mrs.  Royall  was  in  Alabama  when  the  bad  news  reach- 
ed her.  The  world  reeled.  For  the  first  time  Anne 
Royall  almost  lost  her  grip  on  life.  Her  health  be- 
came seriously  impaired.  A  tradition,  which  can- 
not be  verified,  says  that,  in  addition  to  her  two 
great  troubles  —  the  loss  of  her  husband  and  the  loss 
of  her  fortune  —  the  widow  was  arrested  and  put 
in  jail  as  an  imposter.  Of  course,  Mrs.  Royall  was 
not  imprisoned  in  Alabama  for  an  alleged  offence 
committed  in  Virginia.  It  is,  though,  quite  possible 
that  she  was  for  a  short  period  imprisoned  for  debt, 
although  contempt  of  court  would  have  been  a  mis- 
demeanor decidedly  more  in  her  line.  Many  times 
in  her  long,  hard  life  she  was  forced  to  incur  pecun- 
iary obligations,  but  she  always  discharged  such  debts 
as  soon  as  possible.  Anne  Royall  was  never,  even 
when  her  trembling  old  fingers  could  no  longer  easily 
hold  a  quill,  the  shameless  beggar  her  opponents  have 
pictured  her. 

Rallying  after  the  first  shock  of  her  misfortunes, 
Mrs.  Royall  decided  to  go  to  Washington  to  apply  for 
a  pension  as  the  widow  of  an  officer  of  the  American 
Revolution.     Accordingly,  she  set  out  on  horseback 


60  ANNE  ROYALL 

from  St.  Stephen's,  Alabama,  the  first  day  of  June, 
1823.     At  Huntsville  she  took  a  stage. 

The  strength  of  Mrs.  Roy  all's  will  is  seen  in  the 
way  she  treated  her  nerves.  When  she  left  Alabama, 
she  had  come  to  the  parting  of  the  ways,  as  far  as  her 
nervous  system  was  concerned.  Melancholia  was  al- 
most upon  her.  A  little  more  brooding  over  her 
troubles  might  induce  insanity.  Realizing  her  dan- 
ger, she  took  the  only  remedial  course.  She  stoutly  set 
to  work  to  make  herself  forget  herself.  .She  says: 
"With  a  view  to  divert  my  mind  from  melancholy 
reflections  to  which  it  was  disposed  by  ill  health,  I 
resolved  to  note  everything  during  my  journey  worthy 
of  remark  and  commit  it  to  writing. ' '  The  notes  thus 
taken  formed  the  nucleus  of  her  first  book,  Sketches 
of  History,  Life  and  Manners  in  the  United  States. 

The  book  makes  but  slight  reference  to  the  hard- 
ships which  gave  it  birth.  During  this  first  journey 
north,  Mrs.  Royall  was  frequently  indebted  to  strang- 
ers for  her  stage  fare.  She  ate  scraps  thrown  out 
from  tavern  kitchens.  She  slept  where  she  could. 
Her  clothes  were  almost  past  mending. 

During  1823  Mrs.  Royall  got  no  nearer  Washing- 
ton than  Alexandria.  There  she  met  a  man  who  proved 
a  friend  indeed  —  a  Mason  of  prominence  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  City  Hotel.  In  her  own  effusively 
grateful  style,  Mrs.  Royall  writes  of  this  benefactor: 

"M.  E.  Clagget,  the  friend  of  the  friendless  and 
pride  of  mankind.  If  I  had  a  diadem  to  dispose  of  I 
know  of  no  man  at  whose  feet  I  would  choose  to  lay 
it  before  Mr.  Clagget.  At  ten  o'clock,  one  cold  De- 
cember night,  I  arrived  at  his  house  without  one  cent 
in  my  pocket,  a  single  change  of  raiment  and  badly 


ANNE  ROYALL  61 

dressed.  I  had  not  a  friend  on  earth.  Mr.  Clagget 
took  me  in  and  from  the  15th  of  December  to  the  6th 
of  April  following  kept  me  —  not  in  a  style  according 
to  my  appearance,  but  furnished  me  with  an  elegant 
parlor  and  bed-chamber  and  gave  me  a  servant  to 
wait  on  me  the  whole  winter.  At  this  time,  too,  Mr. 
Clagget  paid  a  high  rent  for  his  house  and  had  a  fam- 
ily of  ten  children." 

At  the  City  Hotel  in  Alexandria,  Mrs.  Royall 
wrote  a  part  of  her  first  book.  In  April  she  made  a 
short  visit  to  Richmond  to  collect  evidence  to  lay 
before  Congress  in  connection  with  her  application  for 
a  pension.  From  Richmond,  she  went  directly  to 
Washington,  arriving  by  a  boat-omnibus,  July  24, 
1824,  in  the  early  morning.  She  was  a  stranger.  She 
was  penniless.  She  was  ill.  She  was  fifty-four  years 
old.  But  she  had  courage.  "With  the  agility  of  a 
girl,  she  leaped  from  the  high  stage  step  to  the  ground. 
The  goal  of  all  her  hopes,  the  Capitol,  "white  as 
snow,"  loomed  before  her.  Toward  it  she  turned  her 
steps.  Almost  at  random  she  knocked  at  the  door  of  a 
house  under  the  shadow  of  the  great  dome.  The  house 
was  occupied  by  a  family  named  Dorret.  Anne  Royall, 
with  the  honest  directness  that  marked  her  whole  life, 
told  her  story  to  the  kindly  woman  who  answered  her 
knock. 

An  indigent  seeker  of  a  pension  has  never  been 
a  rarity  on  Capitol  Hill.  The  Dorrets  expressed  no 
surprise  when  the  stranger  told  them  that  she  had 
not  money  to  pay  for  board  and  lodging.  They  sim- 
ply took  her  in  ("kept  me  for  six  months  without  fee 
or  reward,"  Mrs.  Royall  says,  later,  when  rejoicing 
that  she  could  at  last  repay  them),  fed  her  and  lent 


62  ANNE  ROYALL 

her  respectable  clothing.  Sally,  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  house  of  Dorret,  was  especially  kind  to  her. 

After  eating  a  hearty  breakfast,  Mrs.  Royall  start- 
ed out  to  hunt  up  John  Quincy  Adams,  then  Secre- 
tary of  State  under  President  Monroe.  She  found  him, 
and  very  good,  too,  that  so-called  iceberg  was  to  the 
plucky  little  old  woman.  Mr.  Adams  paid  in  advance 
a  subscription  for  the  proposed  Sketches.  He  invited 
her  to  call  on  Mrs.  Adams  at  their  residence  on  F  street 
and  promised  to  give  his  earnest  support  to  her  pen- 
sion claim  —  a  promise  which  he  sacredly  fulfilled 
through  many  years. 

Six  weeks  later,  Mrs.  Royall  started  on  a  trip 
through  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  New  England 
to  collect  material,  and  to  solicit  advance  subscriptions 
for  her  book. 

The  United  States  through  which  Anne  Royall 
traveled  was  a  queer  country  —  a  very  far-away  coun- 
try it  seems  now.  For  practical  purposes,  electricity 
was  not.  From  Portland,  Maine,  to  Cincinnati  in  far- 
off  Ohio,  not  a  telegraph  pole  marred  the  landscape.  In 
the  majority  of  towns,  and  in  all  country  places,  the 
tallow-dip  still  held  sway  although  there  was  beginning 
to  be  considerable  talk,  some  of  which  Mrs.  Royall 
chronicles  amusingly,  about  a  new  and  mysterious  il- 
luminating agent  called  gas,  a  substance  of  which,  she 
says,  most  people  were  ''deathly  afraid."  The  Erie 
Canal  was  the  pride  of  the  country.  The  steam  loco- 
motive, so  to  speak,  was  in  its  smoky  swaddling  clothes. 
In  one  of  her  later  journeys,  Mrs.  Royall  found  a  new 
company,  called  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  superintend- 
ing strange  doings  on  which  she  looked  with  contempt. 


ANNE  KOYALL  63 

She  writes:  "We  came  to  the  railroad,  a  few  miles 
of  it  being  completed.  I  think  the  undertaking  the 
wildest  scheme  for  men  in  their  senses!  To  think  of 
carrying  it  over  the  Alleghany  at  this  point.  Why, 
it  will  take  all  the  iron  in  this  country  and  in  Europe, 
and  where  the  funds  are  to  come  from  no  one  knows. ' ' 
Not  a  single  steam  passenger  ship  crossed  the 
Atlantic  regularly  although,  a  few  years  before,  the 
Savannah,  a  sailing  packet  aided  by  steam,  had  broken 
all  records  for  speed,  and  roused  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  civilized  world  by  making  the  trip  from  Liverpool 
to  New  York  in  the  astonishingly  short  period  of 
twenty-six  days.  For  months  after  this  maritime  feat 
American  newspapers  were  filled  with  jubilant  editor- 
ials upon  the  subject  of  "Modern  Progress."  Some 
spindles  were  turning  in  New  England,  but  manufac- 
turing in  the  United  States,  generally,  was  in  its 
infancy.  Stenography  was  an  unpracticed  art.  There 
were,  therefore,  no  newspapers  in  the  present  day 
sense  of  the  word  "news."  There  were  "Gazettes," 
"Journals,"  and  "Newsletters"  which  called  them- 
selves newspapers  and  made  themselves  as  lively  as 
possible  under  the  circumstances.  Without  stenogra- 
phic reports  even  the  records  of  congressional  elo- 
quence made  but  lean  volumes.  No  automobile  devils 
rendered  the  public  highways  unsafe.  There  were, 
though,  plenty  of  "fast"  mail  coaches  like  those 
advertised  in  Mrs.  Royall's  first  newspaper: 

"NOTICE  TO  EASTERN  TRAVELERS. 

"The  Proprietors  respectfully  inform  the  public 
that  they  have  established  a  new  line  of  mail-coaches 
between  Washington  City  and  Philadelphia,  by  way 


64  ANNE  ROYALL 

of  York,  Lawrence,  etc.,  traveling  the  whole  distance 
over  a  fine  turnpike  road,  and  crossing  the  Susque- 
hanna over  the  splendid  bridge  at  Columbia.  Travel- 
ers by  this  route  can,  by  securing  their  seats  with  the 
subscriber,  next  door  to  Brown's  Hotel,  proceed  im- 
mediately by  Baltimore,  York,  etc.,  to  Philadelphia 
in  thirty  hours. 

"Thomas  Cockendofe. " 

Every  stage-driver  was  obliged  to  carry  a  "time 
watch"  enclosed  in  a  small  wooden  box  with  a  lock. 
At  each  mail  station  these  watches  were  examined  by 
representatives  of  the  mail  contractors.  Owing  large- 
ly to  the  fact  that  she  always  carried  several  large 
trunks  filled  mostly  with  books,  about  which  she  was 
very  particular,  Mrs.  Eoyall  was  in  a  state  of  chronic 
war  with  stage-drivers.  Her  pages  are  all  too  freely 
sprinkled  with  accounts  like  the  following: 

"As  sometimes  happens,  a  little  beyond  Worcester? 
a  dispute  took  place  between  the  passengers  and  the 
driver.  All  the  passengers  except  myself  were  going 
to  Northampton.  But  when  we  arrived  at  the  place 
where  the  Northampton  stage  was  to  meet  them,  no 
stage  was  there,  nor  was  any  expected.  The  truth  of 
the  matter  was  that  the  stage  proprietors,  who  were 
the  mail  contractors,  overreached  the  Northampton 
line,  by  taking  their  passengers,  and  having  but  one 
passenger  to  Springfield,  myself,  they  expected  to  take 
me  on  to  Northampton  slyly,  and  to  send  the  mail  to 
Springfield  in  a  chaise.  Finding  a  great  deal  of  whis- 
pering going  on  and  the  stage  stopping  rather  longer 
than  usual,  the  mail  taken  out  and  bolstered  up  in  a 
chaise,  I  asked  why  we  did  not  proceed  and  what  was 
the  meaning  of  these  proceedings.  One  of  the  pas- 
sengers said  the  mail  would  be  sent  on  in  a  chaise  and 
the  stage  would  go  on  to  Northampton.  I  called  the 
landlord,  without  getting  out  of  the  stage,  and  asked 


ANNE  ROYALL  65 

if  this  was  so.  He  said  it  was.  I  told  him  I  had 
taken  the  stage  to  Springfield,  that  I  had  paid  my  fare, 
and  to  Springfield  I  would  go ;  and  if  he  did  not  take 
me  there  I  would  prosecute  the  whole  concern.  He 
said  I  certainly  ought  to  go  to  that  place  and  he  was 
sorry  the  mistake  occurred.  I  told  him  to  look  at  the 
waybill  and  showed  him  my  receipt.  The  passengers, 
finding  that  I  stuck  to  the  stage  (they  had  got  out) 
now  tried  to  decoy  me  out.  Their  object  was  to  step 
in  and  drive  off,  leaving  me  there.  This  I  perceived 
to  be  their  drift  and,  looking  behind,  I  saw  that  my 
baggage  had  been  taken  off.  But  I  sat  firm  in  the 
stage. ' ' 

The  upshot  of  it  all  was  that  Mrs.  Royall  went  to 
Springfield,  driving  off  in  solitary  triumph  while  the 
other  passengers  were  left  "to  their  own  reflections" 
which,  presumably,  were  not  altogether  complimentary 
to  the  victor. 

There  was  no  such  thing  as  easy  traveling  in 
those  days.  Mrs.  Royall  was  jolted  over  abominable 
roads  in  springless,  iron-tired  stages;  she  bumped  up 
and  down  on  horseback ;  she  was  alternately  baked  and 
frozen  in  tiny  cabins  of  dirty  boats;  she  rowed;  she 
trudged  many  a  mile  on  foot.  Nevertheless,  whenever 
Anne  Royall  made  up  her  mind  to  go  anywhere  she 
went. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  delighted  her,  especially  the 
paper  factories.  Manufacturing  of  any  kind  always 
fascinated  her.  She  found  the  schools,  at  that  time, 
all  that  they  should  be.     She  writes : 

"The  manners  of  the  citizens  of  Springfield  may 
be  gathered  from  what  has  been  said.  They  are  polite 
and  hospitable  beyond  anything  I  have  seen,  in  the 
Atlantic  country.     In  their  appearance  they  are  about 


66  ANNE  ROYALL 

the  same  as  New  York,  with  fairer  complexions;  the 
children  and  females  are  uncommonly  beautiful.  I 
have  often  stopped  on  the  streets  to  admire  the  child- 
ren as  they  returned  from  school,  nor  could  I  resist 
the  curiosity  of  ascertaining  the  progress  and  nature 
of  their  pursuits,  which  proved  honorable  to  them  and 
to  their  teachers." 

At  Albany,  Mrs.  Royall  had  two  interviews  with 
Governor  Clinton: 

"Among  the  great  men  of  Albany,  it  will  be  ex- 
pected particularly  by  my  Western  friends,  that  I  am 
not  to  overlook  one  whose  fame  is  held  in  veneration 
by  them,  I  mean  Governor  Clinton.  His  Excellency, 
DeWitt  Clinton,  the  present  Governor  of  New  York, 
is  about  fifty  years  of  age;  he  is  six  feet,  at  least,  in 
height,  robust  and  a  little  inclined  to  corpulency;  he 
is  straight  and  well-made;  he  walks  erect  with  much 
ease  and  dignity;  his  complexion  is  fair,  his  face 
round  and  full,  with  a  soft  dark  gray  eye,  his  coun- 
tenance mild  and  yielding;  he  regards  you  in  silence 
with  a  calm,  winning  condescension  equally  removed 
from  servility  and  arrogance,  while  it  inspires  the 
beholder  with  admiration  and  respect.  His  whole 
deportment  is  dignified  and  commanding,  with  all 
the  ease  and  grace  of  an  accomplished  gentleman. 
Governor  Clinton  is  a  man  of  great  size,  great  soul, 
great  mind  and  a  great  heart.  To  him  may  be  ap- 
plied that  line  of  Thompson's, 

"  'Serene  yet  warm,  humane  yet  firm,  his  mind.' 

"Perhaps  his  best  eulogium  is  'The  Governor  of 
New  York.'  " 

Elsewhere,  and  later,  in  the  midst  of  the  Anti- 
Masonic  outcry  against  New  York's  chief  executive, 
Mrs.  Royall  says:  "It  is  well  known  that  the  Erie 
Canal  emanated  from  the  great  head  of  Governor 
Clinton;  and  from  his  looks  I  would  suppose  it  con- 


ANNE  KOYALL  67 

I 

tained  several  more.  His  mind,  like  a  mighty  river, 
flows  steadily  on  in  one  even  channel  as  regardless  of 
the  little  curs  who  yelp  at  his  heels  as  the  elephant  is 
of  the  tiny  ant.  If  I  were  to  give  an  opinion  on  the 
subject,  I  would  say  he  was  the  greatest  man  at  this 
time  in  the  world." 

Mrs.  Eoyall  went  to  Saratoga  Springs  but  did  not 
stay  long.  She  was  aghast  at  the  price  of  board  there. 
She  says,  that  ' '  the  three  great  hotels,  viz. :  Con- 
gress Hall,  United  States  Hotel,  and  the  Pavilion, 
charge  ten  dollars  a  week !  This  is  abominable !  No 
wonder  they  have  few  boarders.  It  is  perfect  rob- 
bery!" 

At  Saratoga  she  met  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  his 
nephew,  Prince  Murat.  The  Prince  gave  her  five 
dollars  for  her  book. 

One  of  the  queerest  bits  of  information  we  find  in 
Mrs.  Royall's  account  of  her  travels  is  that,  in  1825, 
ii?h  New  Yorkers  lived  the  simple  life.     She  writes: 

"The  native  citizens  of  New  York  City  are  about 
the  middling  size,  more  stout  than  those  of  Philadel- 
phia, differing  little  in  complexion,  a  slight  shade 
darker;  black  hair  and  a  full  black  eye  are  peculiar 
characteristics.  They  lay  no  claim  to  taste  or  refine- 
ment; their  attention  to  business  which  pours  in  on 
them  like  a  flood,  leaves  them  no  time  to  cultivate  the 
graces.  They  have,  however,  a  sort  of  untaught  no- 
bility in  their  countenances,  and  in  all  their  move- 
ments. They  are  mild,  courteous,  benevolent,  and, 
above  all  people,  they  have  the  least  pride.  That 
curse  of  the  human  family,  if  it  exists  at  all  in  New 
York,  is  found  in  the  lower  orders  of  her  citizens;  it 
is  banished  from  the  houses  of  the  great  and  opulent. 
Their  manners  are  truly  republican,  no  eclat,  hauteur 


68  ANNE  ROYALL 

or  repelling  stiffness,  much  of  which  exists  in  Phil- 
adelphia and  the  southern  towns  with  their  boasted 
hospitality.  These  are  hospitable,  it  is  true,  but  the 
poor  man  is  made  to  feel  the  difference  between  him- 
self and  his  hospitable  entertainers.  Not  so,  in  New 
York,  as  respects  that  sort  of  homage  exacted  from 
a  fellow-man.     In  New  York  all  are  upon  a  level." 

To  the  ladies  of  New  York,  Mrs.  Royall  concedes 
style  but  deprecates  the  fact  that  they  give  much  more 
thought  to  dress  than  to  literature.  In  Boston  Mrs. 
Royall's  books  were  sold  "faster  than  the  binder 
could  cover  them."  In  New  York,  on  the  contrary, 
but  few  copies  were  ordered.  She  concludes,  there- 
fore, that  "the  ladies  of  New  York  do  not  read.  This 
is  perhaps  owing  to  their  numerous  sources  of  amuse- 
ment such  as  the  theaters,  gardens,  etc.  The  ladies 
of  New  York,  however,  have  one  excellence  peculiar 
to  them  —  that  is  their  elegant  and  graceful  walk. 
This  excellence  is  attributed  to  their  smooth  paved 
Broadway,  upon  which  they  practice  walking  to  a 
degree  which  has  been  crowned  with  success.  But 
the  excellence  of  the  Boston  ladies  is  found  in  the 
improvement  of  their  minds,  which  gives  ease  to  their 
manners,  and  an  intelligence  of  countenance  which 
forms  a  striking  contrast  to  the  vacant  stare  of  many 
of  the  ladies  of  New  York." 

New  England,  Mrs.  Royall  pronounced  to  be  ' '  the 
soil  of  human  excellence."  In  Boston,  she  declared, 
"the  human  mind  has  reached  perfection."  Patriot- 
ism, too,  she  found  more  unalloyed  in  Boston  than 
anywhere  else  in  the  United  States.  She  says :  ' '  When 
Freedom  was  hunted  out  of  the  world  it  took  up  its 


ANNE  ROYALL  69 

abode  in  Boston  from  which  no  power  has  been  able 
to  dislodge  it." 

Her  husband  had  made  the  Revolutionary  cam- 
paigns so  real  to  her  that  the  reverential  attitude  of 
Bostonians  toward  everything  connected  with  that 
mighty  struggle  was  very  congenial  to  Mrs.  Royall. 
She  saw  a  relic  which  greatly  moved  her: 

"One  of  my  printers  in  Washington  who  had 
formerly  lived  with  General  Edes  (a  Revolutionary 
soldier)  finding  I  was  particular  to  notice  incidents 
relating  to  that  war  informed  me  that  General  Edes 
was  a  Bostonian  and  had  now  in  his  possession  the 
bowl  in  which  the  punch  was  made  which  was  pre- 
sented as  a  treat  to  the  Mohicans  (as  they  were  called) 
who  threw  the  tea  overboard  at  Boston,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war.  It  may  be  supposed,  there- 
fore, I  lost  little  time  in  paying  my  respects  to  Gen. 
Eces,  all  impatient  to  see  the  sacred  relic.  The  Gen- 
eral, happily,  was  in  his  office;  a  small,  elderly, 
sprightly  man  with  all  the  hospitality  of  his  native 
town  beaming  in  his  countenance.  He  invited  me  to 
sit  down  and,  to  my  inquiries  respecting  the  bowl,  he 
replied  that  he  was  a  boy  at  the  time  the  tea  was 
thrown  overboard,  and  made  the  punch  himself,  at  the 
request  of  his  father,  in  whose  house  it  was  drank  by 
the  men  who  assembled  there  after  emptying  the  boxes 
of  tea,  and  who,  from  their  Indian  dress,  were  called 
Mohicans.  He  said  the  bowl  was  at  his  house,  and 
invited  me  to  call  there  at  two  o'clock. 

"I  attended  accordingly,  when  I  was  met  by  the 
General  and  his  wife,  an  intelligent  Boston  lady.  The 
interesting  bowl  was  soon  produced.  It  is  a  large 
flowered  bowl,  red  and  white,  cracked  in  several  places, 
but  so  carefully  mended  it  is  water  tight.  It  would 
hold  about  two  gallons  —  the  largest  bowl  I  ever  saw. ' ' 


70  ANNE  ROYALL 

In  the  old  State-house  at  Boston  Mrs.  Royall  saw 
a  chandelier  presented  by  a  relative  of  her  husband 
—  one  of  the  Massachusetts  Royalls. 

Of  Honorable  Edward  Everett,  she  says  that  "he 
might  be  taken  for  another  Deity.  He  has  a  very  an- 
gelic face  and  fair  youthful  appearance,  and,  as  Major 
Noah  justly  puts  it,  goes  on  in  'his  own  neat,  quiet 
way.'  " 

She  witnessed  an  interesting  event  in  Boston,  the 
celebration  during  Lafayette's  visit,  of  the  Battle 
of  Bunker  Hill: 

"This  was  the  greatest  procession,  probably,  that 
ever  took  place  in  the  history  of  America.  I  saw  it 
all  from  a  window  in  School  Street — Masons,  Knights 
Templar  with  their  nodding  plumes,  General  Lafa- 
yette in  an  open  carriage,  the  soldiers  of  the  Rev- 
olution in  open  carriages  (a  venerable  band)  driven 
by  young  gentlemen  of  the  first  distinction  in  the  city. 
It  was  a  moving  scene.  But  while  our  ecstasy  was 
wrought  up  to  the  highest  pitch  a  dear  old  man, 
dressed  in  an  old  coat  and  hat,  passed  under  us.  He 
was  sitting  in  the  front  of  the  carriage,  with  his  right 
arm  extended,  and  in  his  hand  he  held  an  old  Con- 
tinental shot-bag,  with  the  same  bullets  in  it  which 
he  had  used  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  He  gently 
waved  it  backward  and  forward,  from  one  side  to  the 
other,  so  that  the  people  on  each  side  might  have  a 
chance  to  see  it,  and  continued  to  do  so  throughout 
the  procession.  The  coat  and  the  hat  he  had  on  were 
likewise  those  he  wore  in  the  battle ;  we  saw  distinctly 
several  bullet-holes  in  each.  The  effect  cannot  be  de- 
scribed. General  Lafayette,  the  Knights  all  glorious 
as  they  were,  shrunk  into  nothing  beside  this  war-worn 
soldier.     It  transported  us  back  fifty  years  and  we 


ANNE  EOYALL  71 

were  in  imagination  fighting  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
Not  a  word  was  uttered  for  several  minutes.  Every 
cheek  was  wet. ' ' 

The  feature  of  traveling  which  Mrs.  Royall  most 
enjoyed  was  meeting  famous  people.  No  other  Amer- 
ican woman  ever  met  so  many.  There  is  pathos  in 
her  account  of  the  venerable  John  Adams : 

"I  found  the  dear  old  man  sitting  up  before  the 
fire.  He  would  have  risen  but  I  flew  forward  to  prevent 
him.  He  pressed  my  hand  with  ardor  and  inquired  af- 
ter my  health.  We  conversed  upon  general  subjects  re- 
lating to  Alabama,  the  state  I  was  from,  such  as  its 
trade,  navigation,  productions  of  the  soil,  etc.  In 
answer  to  several  inquiries  relating  to  himself  he  re- 
plied that  he  was  then  (April,  1825)  eighty-nine  years 
and  six  months  old  —  'a  monstrous  time,'  he  added, 
'for  one  human  being  to  support.'  He  could  walk 
about  the  room,  he  said,  and  even  down  stairs  though 
at  that  time  he  was  very  feeble.  His  teeth  were 
entirely  gone  and  his  eyesight  very  much  impaired. 
He  could  just  see  the  window,  he  said,  and  the  weath- 
er-vane outside  it.  But  he  retained  his  hearing  per- 
fectly. His  face  did  not  bear  the  marks  of  age  in 
proportion  to  his  years,  nor  did  he  show  the  marks  of 
decay  in  his  appearance  except  his  teeth,  and  his  legs 
which  were  very  much  reduced.  He  was  dressed  in  a 
green  camblet  morning-gown,  and  his  head  uncovered, 
except  his  venerable  locks  which  were  perfectly  white. 
The  most  childlike  simplicity  and  goodness  appeared 
in  the  sunshine  of  his  countenance  which,  when  speak- 
ing or  listening  became  extremely  animated,  but  when 
left  to  itself,  subsided  into  an  unclouded  serenity. 
When  I  mentioned  his  son,  the  present  President,  and 
Mrs.  A.  the  tear  glittered  in  his  eye;  he  attempted 
to  reply  but  was  overcome  by  emotion.  Finding  the 
subject  too  tender  I  dropped  it  as  quickly  as  possible." 


72  ANNE  ROYALL 

Mrs.  Royall's  first  book  was  published  in  New 
Haven,  which  town,  she  says,  "is  decidedly  the  Eden 
of  the  Union."  At  Hartford  she  finds  the  American 
Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  "the  crowning  glory 
of  the  city,  and,  indeed,  that  of  the  United  States. 
This  asylum  was  incorporated  in  1816 ;  the  first  estab- 
lishment of  the  sort  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
parent  of  those  since  established  in  Philadelphia  and 
New  York.  Having  mentioned  those  asylums  for  the 
deaf  now  for  the  third  time  in  these  Sketches,  a  brief 
historical  outline  of  the  art  by  which  these  unfor- 
tunate beings  are  instructed  may  not  be  unwelcome 
to  the  reader." 

Mrs.  Royall  next  gives  an  excellent  sketch  of  the 
work  of  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Gallaudet,  founder  and  first 
head  of  the  Hartford  school,  and  of  his  chief  assistant, 
Laurent  Clerc  of  France.  She  quotes  in  full  a  com- 
position written  for  her  by  one  of  the  older  pupils  in 
Mr.  Clerc 's  class : 

"The  thanks  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  to  the  Pub- 
lic. —  In  the  United  States  there  were  a  great  num- 
ber of  schools  for  children  but  there  were  none  places 
for  instruction  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  All  the  pa- 
rents thought  that  their  deaf  and  dumb  sons  and 
daughters  were  impossible  to  learn  how  to  read  and 
write,  and  were  grieved  with  them.  Fortunately,  the 
Kind  Being  brought  Mr.  Gallaudet  to  France  on  the 
purpose  of  learning  how  to  teach  the  deaf  and  dumb. 
When  Mr.  Gallaudet  applied  to  Mr.  Clerc  to  come 
to  this  country,  and  incited  Mr.  Clerc  to  think  those 
poor  deaf  and  dumb  had  no  idea  of  God  and  Christ, 
and  then  his  consent  made  Mr.  Gallaudet  pleasant. 
They  came  to  the  western  country  by  water  and  ar- 
rived in  it.     They  prayed  to  the  citizens  and  country- 


ANNE  ROYALL  73 

men  to  give  them  money  for  the  Asylum  and  the 
generous  contributed  to  the  helps  of  the  American 
Asylum.  It  was  worthy  that  they  were  benevolent; 
so  that  all  the  deaf  and  dumb  are  thankful  to  them 
and  think  God  will  send  the  rain  to  pour  out  over 
the  farms  of  the  countrymen;  to  provide  them  fruits 
and  live  in  happiness.  We  are  sorry  that  they  visit 
the  Asylum  but  little;  before  they  came  frequently 
to  attend  schools,  and  if  they  pass  through  Hartford 
and  stay  at  the  hotel,  they  should  come  to  see  it,  that 
they  might  wonder  at  seeing  the  deaf  and  dumb 
writing  on  slates  and  talking  to  each  other  by  making 
signs." 

Mrs.  Royall  was  well  entertained  at  the  Hart- 
ford school  for  the  deaf.  She  writes :  ' '  Mr.  Gallaudet 
lives  in  a  handsome  house,  near  the  Asylum,  and  has 
married  one  of  the  dumb  pupils  (a  wise  choice)  who 
is  very  handsome  —  with  one  of  the  most  expressive 
faces  in  creation.  Mr.  Laurent  Clerc  has  married  an- 
other of  the  pupils,  likewise  a  very  handsome  female. 
She  is  a  sister  of  Mr.  Boardman,  of  Huntsville,  editor 
of  the  Alabama  Republican.  I  spent  the  evening  at 
their  house  in  Hartford,  conversing  with  them  by 
signs  and  means  of  a  slate.  They  are  both  people  of 
no  common  information,  and  possessed  of  easy  and  en- 
gaging manners.  They  had  a  very  beautiful  child  be- 
tween two  and  three  years  old,  who  could  talk  fast 
enough,  but  it  was  amusing  to  see  it  hold  communica- 
tion with  its  parents  by  signs.  They  seemed  very 
fond  of  it  though  it  stood  in  great  awe  of  its  father. 
Mr.  Gallaudet  also  has  one  child,  though  it  is  not  old 
enough  to  talk.  I  would  advise  all  gentlemen  who 
wish  to  avoid  a  scolding  wife,  to  go  to  the  American 
Asylum,  where,  I  can  assure  them,  they  will  find  a 


74  ANNE  EOYALL 

great  deal  of  good  sense  as  well  as  beauty.  I  never 
did  see  so  great  a  number  of  interesting  females  to- 
gether." 

Of  the  schools  for  the  deaf  at  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  also,  Mrs.  Royall  gives  a  full  and  in- 
teresting account.  Colleges  she  venerated.  Yale, 
Harvard,  Princeton  —  all  the  institutions  of  learning 
in  the  United  States  of  her  day  —  receive  attention 
from  her  pen. 

Salem,  Massachusetts,  almost  awed  Mrs.  Royall 
with  its  old-fashioned  gentlehood: 

"The  citizens  of  Salem  are  stout,  able-bodied 
men,  more  so  than  I  have  seen  this  side  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  their  ladies  excel  in  beauty  and  personal 
charms.  This  was  observed  by  our  friend  and  nation- 
al guest,  Lafayette.  Both  men  and  women  have  the 
true  New  England  round,  full  face,  with  large  black 
eyes,  and  a  soft  bending  countenance.  Their  man- 
ners are  still  more  improved  than  the  people  of 
Boston.  Besides  the  affability  and  ease  of  the  Bos- 
tonians,  they  have  a  dignity  and  stateliness  peculiar 
to  them. ' ' 

The  Crowninshields,  Whitneys,  Putnams,  Storys, 
Endicotts,  Peabodys,  Flints,  Pickerings,  Whites, 
Princes,  Mr.  Palfrey  and  Mr.  Upham  of  Salem  all 
received  Mrs.  Royall  cordially  on  her  visit  to  that 
ancient  city. 

Mrs.  Royall  found  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  "a 
very  romantic  town  lying  partly  on  two  hills  and 
partly  on  a  narrow  plain  about  wide  enough  for  two 
streets.  It  contains  12,800  inhabitants."  Nosing 
into  jails  and  charitable  institutions,  after  her  usual 
fashion,  Mrs.  Royall  found,  also  as  usual,  some  things 


ANNE  ROYALL  75 

to  criticise:  "The  churches  are  very  splendid  in 
Providence;  the  jail  is  tolerable;  but  the  poorhouse 
does  not  deserve  the  name,  and  the  hospital  is  a 
wretched  abode,  disgraceful  to  the  town." 

She  gives  much  space  to  Roger  Williams,  gaining 
her  information  concerning  him  from  Hon.  Judge 
Martin,  who  walked  with  her  to  many  historic  locali- 
ties in  and  around  the  city. 

All  New  England  pleased  Mrs.  Royall  on  this 
first  northern  tour.  She  even  defends  the  New  Eng- 
lander's  natural  food,  pumpkin  pie: 

"As  to  'pumpkin  eating,'  they  do  make  pumpkin 
pies  in  the  fall;  but  they  have  plenty  of  everything 
else.  Let  those  who  have  traveled  there  say  if  their 
tables  do  not  abound?  and  they  are  able  to  furnish 
them.  But  why  is  a  pumpkin  worse  than  any  other 
vegetable,  pray  ?  It  is  not  from  necessity  that  the  Yan- 
kees eat  pumpkins  but  from  choice.  Why  may  not  a 
pumpkin  be  as  good  as  a  cymblin,  or  a  sweet  potato, 
or  an  opossum  ?  Pumpkin  pies  are  fully  as  palatable 
as  potato  pies.  Though  I  never  eat  either,  I  have 
tasted  them  and  I  see  no  difference.  The  cost  is  the 
same,  I  believe.  Perhaps  it  would  be  better  for  the 
southern  people  to  try  the  pumpkins,  if  their  land 
would  bring  them.  It  may  be  owing  to  this  article  of 
food  that  the  Yankees  excel  and  are  taking  the  lead 
in  everything." 


CHAPTER  V 
Mrs.  Royall  as  an  Author 

Mrs.  Royall  was  fifty-seven  years  old  when  her 
first  book  was  published.  The  woman's  energy,  in- 
dustry, and  endurance  were  marvelous.  "Within  a 
period  of  five  years,  while  constantly  traveling,  she 
issued  eleven  volumes: 

Sketches  of  History,  Life  and  Manners  in  the 
United  States,  by  a  Traveller,  New  Haven,  1826. 

The  Tennesseean,  a  Novel  founded  on  Facts,  New 
Haven,  1827. 

The  Black  Book,  a  Continuation  of  Travels  in  the 
United  States,  3  Vols.,  Washington,  D.  C,  1828-1829. 

Pennsylvania,  2  Vols.,  Washington,  D.  C,  1829. 

A  Southern  Tour,  3  Vols.,  Washington,  D.  C, 
1830-1831. 

Letters  from  Alabama,  Washington,  1830. 

The  chief  faults  of  Mrs.  Royall's  writings  are: 
too  much  detail,  especially  in  regard  to  private  in- 
juries received  by  the  author;  amateurishness;  intol- 
erance of  intolerance;  too  free  and  abusive  use  of 
names,  even  in  an  age  when  names  of  persons  were 
freely,  often  scandalously,  published ;  hasty  judgments 
based  on  feeling ;  exaggerated  praise  of  friends. 

On  the  other  hand,  Mrs.  Royall's  style  possesses 
the  merits  of  spirit;  accuracy  of  fact  and  of  descrip- 
tion ;  practicality ;  perfect  clearness ;  a  strong  and  tell- 


ANNE  ROYALL  77 

ing  vocabulary;  humor;  an  underlying  ethical  pur- 
pose based  on  honest,  though  often  mistaken,  con- 
viction ;  patriotic  fervor ;  minute  observation,  and  live- 
ness  —  a  genuine  personality  makes  itself  felt  on 
every  page. 

A  critic  in  the  Boston  Commercial,  reviewing  the 
Sketches,  in  1828,  sums  up  Mrs.  Royall's  style  fairly 
well: 

"She  marches  on,  speaking  her  mind  freely,  and 
unpacks  her  heart  in  words  of  censure  or  praise  as 
she  feels.  Sometimes  she  lets  fall  more  truths  than 
the  interested  reader  would  wish  to  hear,  and  at  others 
overwhelms  her  friends  with  a  flattery  still  more 
appalling.  At  any  rate,  hit  or  miss,  the  sentiments  she 
gives  are  undoubtedly  her  own;  nor  will  it  be  denied 
that  she  has  given  some  very  good  outlines  of  char- 
acter. Her  book  is  more  amusing  than  any  novel  we 
have  read  for  years." 

In  reply  to  another  critic  who  had  picked  her 
somewhat  uncertain  syntax  to  pieces  Mrs.  Royall  says : 
"He  says  I  do  not  understand  the  language  I  write 
in.  This  might  be  said  of  a  great  many  but  when 
applied  to  me  it  is  false  as  I  pretend  to  know  no 
language  but  that  of  truth,  and  it  makes  no  difference 
in  what  language  truth  is  told  —  it  will  stand  for- 
ever."  Elsewhere,  she  says  very  justly:  "I  am  not 
capable  of  dressing  out  a  subject  in  learned  phrases 
or  bold  images  or  any  elegance  of  style.  I  seek  only 
to  give  such  a  description  of  things  as  may  bring 
them  as  near  as  possible  before  the  eyes  of  those  who 
have  not  an  opportunity  of  seeing  them,  and  in  my 
own  homespun  way,  without  regard  to  style  or  rules 


78  ANNE  KOYALL 

of  composition,  which  I  know  nothing  of,  and  care  as 
little  as  I  know. ' ' 

It  is  a  rather  curious  fact  that  three  very  able 
women  —  Mrs.  Trollope,  Frances  Wright  (afterward 
Madame  D'Arusement),  and  Anne  Roy  all  were  travel- 
ing in  the  United  States  and  carefully  recording  their 
impressions  of  the  country,  with  a  view  to  publication, 
at  about  the  same  time.  A  little  later,  Harriet  Mar- 
tineau  and  Margaret  Fuller  journeyed  over  much  of 
the  same  ground  covered  by  the  other  three. 

Of  these  five  interesting  women,  Frances  "Wright 
wrote  most  gracefully  and  with  the  finest  feeling. 
Miss  Martineau  was  the  ablest,  intellectually.  Mrs. 
Trollope  had  seen  more  of  the  world  than  the  others, 
Miss  Martineau 's  deafness  interfering  much  with  her 
enjoyment  of  society.  Margaret  Fuller  was  the  most 
classically  cultured.  But  to  backwoods  Anne  Royall 
every  one  of  these  other  talented  women  must  yield 
the  palm  for  readability. 

Between  Mrs.  Trollope  and  Mrs.  Royall,  espe- 
cially, an  amusing  contrast  exists.  Wherever  she  went 
in  the  United  States,  Mrs.  Trollope  found  her  fas- 
tidiousness continually  offended.  There  were  dirty, 
miry  places  in  the  fairest  meadows;  women  had  no 
style  and  wore  their  shawls  unbecomingly  draped; 
people  ate  with  their  knives;  callers  stayed  too  long 
and  —  worst  of  all  —  tobacco-chewing  men  expecto- 
rated everywhere ! 

Mrs.  Royall,  although  always  scrupulously  neat 
about  her  own  person  and  belongings,  had  no  fas- 
tidiousness to  speak  of.  It  was  the  woman's  heart 
under  the  dowdy  shawl,  the  life-experience   of  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  79 

working-people  who  ate  with  their  knives  that  inter- 
ested her.  Pioneer-raised  Anne  hardly  noticed  the 
spitting.  Very  likely  (on  the  principle  laid  down 
later  by  her  favorite  author,  Dickens,  that  "manners 
is  manners  but  your  'elth's  your  'elth")  Mrs.  Royall, 
herself,  might  have  horrified  Mrs.  Trollope  by  ex- 
pectorating, had  she  chanced  to  cross  the  path  of  that 
delicately-reared,  sensitive  English  lady. 

Mrs.  Trollope  suffered  untold,  or,  rather,  pro- 
fusely told,  agonies  at  the  public  inns.  To  Anne 
Royall,  almost  any  tavern  was  a  joy.  The  big  com- 
mon-room with  its  wide,  blazing  hearth;  the  smoking 
(Anne  possibly  sometimes  took  a  whiff  herself)  and 
jollity,  the  cheerful  clink  of  the  grog  glasses;  the 
good  stories  told  by  the  men ;  the  music  extracted  by 
some  strolling,  self-taught  player  from  a  cracked  fid- 
dle or  out-of-tune  "melodeon;"  above  all,  the  eternal 
talk  about  politics,  colored  by  that  sincere  spread- 
eagle  patriotism  which  Mrs.  Trollope  and,  later, 
Dickens  criticised  —  all  these  signs  and  tokens  of  a 
bubbling,  new  civilization  based  on  individual  freedom 
delighted  Anne  Royall 's  shrewdly  observant  humor 
and  sympathetic  heart. 

The  other  four  women  are  highly  subjective. 
Mrs.  Royall  never  wasted  a  stroke  of  ink  in  her  life 
analyzing  her  own  emotions.  She  never  needed  to. 
Anne's  emotions  were  always  clearly  defined.  In  this 
respect  a  comparison  of  the  descriptions  of  Niagara 
given  by  the  five  women  is  illuminating. 

Mrs.  Trollope  expatiates  at  length  on  the  fact  that 
she  wet  her  feet  going  to  the  falls.  She  gives  four 
pages  to  her  physical  sensations  in  viewing  the  grand- 


80  ANNE  ROYALL 

eur  of  the  spectacle,  and  a  paragraph  or  two  to  the 
mighty  cataract.  Miss  Martineau  does  almost  the 
same  thing.  Margaret  Fuller,  too,  goes  deeply  into 
an  analysis  of  the  torrent  of  her  own  emotions.  Fanny 
Wright  softens  Niagara.  She  writes  a  really  beau- 
tiful prose-poem  about  the  rainbow  spray.  Anne 
Royall  in  her  description,  does  not  once  use  the  pro- 
noun "I."  With  her  usual  passion  for  practicality, 
she  begins  with  — "What  makes  the  fall?"  Then 
she  proceeds  to  answer  the  question  as  clearly  and 
concisely  as  if  she  were  a  civil  engineer.  Next,  she 
sweeps  away  a  pile  of  literary  rubbish  about  Niagara : 

"Most  writers,  indeed  all  that  I  have  met  with, 
when  speaking  of  these  falls,  never  fail  to  say  what 
is  not  corre3i,  that  they  are  surrounded  by  immense 
woods.  Because  there  were  woods  once  and  Mr.  Her- 
riot  said  so,  every  one  must  copy  Mr.  H.  There  are 
no  woods  near  the  falls.  That  was  only  said  to 
heighten  the  descrpition  and  give  coloring  to  the 
scenery.  If  all  the  woods  of  a  thousand  hills  sur- 
rounded the  falls  they  would  add  nothing  to  the 
grandeur  of  the  scene.  They  would  remain  unno- 
ticed. The  finest  forest  in  the  world  would  shrink 
into  nothingness  by  the  side  of  the  falls.  But  no 
language  can  convey  an  idea  or  express  the  sensations 
of  the  human  mind  upon  viewing  the  falls.  A  name- 
less majesty  rests  upon  them  which  to  understand 
must  be  seen.  Words  were  never  made  to  describe 
the  scene.  It  laughs  description  to  scorn;  struck 
dumb  with  amazement.  There  seems  to  be  nothing 
else  in  all  the  world.  No  stop,  no  pause,  nights  and 
days  and  years,  on,  on,  it  rolls." 

From  a  literary  point  of  view,  Mrs.  Royall's  first 
book,  Sketches  of  History,  Life  and  Manners  in  the 
United  States,  is  her  best.     Her  so-called  novel  is  a 


ANNE  ROYALL  81 

failure.  It  bears  all  the  ear-marks  of  a  resurrected 
manuscript  dug  out  of  a  writing-desk  and  sent  abroad 
after  its  author  had  won  fame  through  better  work. 
Concerning  it,  Judge  Story  writes  from  Washington 
to  his  wife :  ' '  We  have  the  famous  Mrs.  Royall  here 
with  her  new  novel,  The  Tennesseean,  which  she  has 
compelled  the  Chief  Justice  and  myself  to  buy  for 
fear  of  a  worse  castigation.  I  shall  bring  it  home 
for  your  edification." 

The  word  ' '  castigation ' '  —  justly  enough  used, 
it  must  be  confessed  —  refers  to  a  clever  journalistic 
device  hit  upon  by  Mrs.  Royall  which  made  her  books 
sell  like  hot  cakes,  namely  —  her  far-famed  Pen-Por- 
traits of  members  of  congress  and  other  noted  persons. 
Americans  of  Anne  Royall's  time  were  but  a  few 
degrees  removed  from  ancestors  to  whom  a  throne 
was  sacred.  Political  upheavals  had  destroyed  the 
outward  forms  of  monarchy,  but  the  inner  feelings 
of  thousands  of  American  men  and  women  de- 
manded some  fitting  substitute  for  the  awe-inspiring 
pageantry  of  the  old  social  order.  Therefore,  royalty- 
worship,  strong  in  the  blood,  was  changed  into  gov- 
ernment-worship. The  spirit  was  born  that  would, 
in  time,  supplant  "God  save  the  King,"  as  the  na- 
tional anthem,  by: 

"Land  of  the  Pilgrim's  pride, 
Land  where  our  fathers  died, 
Of  thee  we  sing." 

Washington,  the  capital  of  the  new  republic,  became 
a  venerated  city.  There  the  widespread  rays  of 
patriotism  were  so  focussed  that,  to  his  constituents, 
each  legislator  wore  a  halo.     Mrs.  Royall's  word-like- 


82  ANNE  ROYALL 

nesses  were  eagerly  read  all  over  the  country.     She 
frankly  gives  her  reason  for  her  new  departure: 

"I  resolved  to  risk  my  talents,  generally  or  spe- 
cially, as  the  case  happened,  at  a  personal  description 
of  the  Members  of  Congress.  I  was  partly  tempted 
to  this  by  my  own  inclination  and  partly  to  please 
my  friends.  When  I  first  began  to  write  I  impercep- 
tibly fell  into  this  manner  of  writing  —  I  mean  that 
of  personal  description.  I  had  been  told  (for  I  am 
not  a  judge,  of  course)  that  this,  and  scenery,  was  my 
forte.  I  have  pursued  it  until  it  has  become  an 
amusement  to  myself ;  and  though  there  is  a  sameness 
in  it  from  the  barrenness  of  our  language,  yet  it  is 
popular  and  pays.  What  does  anybody  care  about 
the  dead?  I  wish  to  write  books  that  people  will 
read,  and  I  find  there  is  nothing  like  throwing  in 
plenty  of  spice.  Possibly  a  gentleman  may  not  like 
his  portrait  (for  which  he  can  give  no  reason)  yet 
twenty  other  gentlemen  may,  and  may  buy  the  book 
for  the  sake  of  the  portrait,  just  as  we  buy  the  por- 
traits executed  by  painters,  and  he  will  buy  it  for 
twenty  other  portraits." 

Mrs.  Royall 's  "spice"  was  not  the  spice  of  mod- 
ern sensationalism.  She  never  pried  into  closets  to 
discover  family  skeletons.  She  fought  much  in  print, 
but  she  fought  squarely  and  always  hit,  straight  from 
the  shoulder,  a  clean,  though  often  a  staggering  blow. 

In  making  her  pen-portraits,  Mrs.  Royall  went  to 
work  much  like  a  professional  artist.  Often  she  asked 
for,  and  obtained  a  "sitting"  from  the  subject  of  her 
description.  She  says:  "It  is  a  difficult  species  of 
writing,  and  to  portray  correctly  it  is  always  necessary 
to  see  the  eye,  particularly  the  color.  I  find,  too,  I 
am  most  happy  in  describing  those  I  have  conversed 
with."     In  her  later  years  Mrs.  Royall  fell  into  man- 


ANNE  ROYALL  83 

nerisms  of  portraiture.  "DeMedicis  figures,"  "oval 
faces,"  "stalwart  frames,"  etc.,  figured  largely 
therein. 

The  following  picture  of  John  Randolph  is  in 
her  best  vein. 

1 '  Honorable  John  Randolph  has  been  in  Congress 
since  1809  and  is  deservedly  reckoned  the  finest  orator 
in  the  House.  His  voice  is  loud  and  shrill,  yet  melo- 
dious, and  his  gestures  pertinent  and  graceful;  never 
at  a  loss,  his  language  is  flowing,  refined  and  classical, 
his  remarks  brief  and  cutting.  He  seems  to  be  of 
no  party  though  severe  against  the  Yankees.  Mr. 
Randolph  is  tall  but  straight  and  very  slender.  His 
face  is  like  no  other  man's,  if  we  except  the  Lords  of 
the  Forest,  from  whom  he  is  descended.  It  inclines 
to  oval,  with  a  high,  square,  jutting  forehead.  His 
complexion  is  sallow,  and  his  features  are  neither 
handsome  nor  the  contrary.  But  such  another  eye 
does  not  exist,  if  we  except  the  piercing  eye  of  Red 
Jacket.  His  eye  is  terrible  in  debate,  and  gives  tone 
to  his  words  and  gestures.  It  is  black  with  scarcely 
any  white.  It  is  not  jet  black,  but  rather  a  shade  — ■ 
large  and  piercing,  and  when  excited,  glistens  with 
a  never-to-be-forgotten  fierceness.  His  countenance  is 
stern  and  immovable.  I  never  saw  him  smile,  and  his 
manners  are  distant  and  lofty,  unlike  the  pomposity, 
however,  of  his  fellow-Virginians,  but  are  nevertheless 
gentlemanly.  In  size  he  is  tall  enough  but  very  light. 
He  is  said  to  be  immensely  rich  but  not  charitable." 

Mr.  Randolph  gave  Mrs.  Royall  a  letter  of  intro- 
duction which,  she  says,  was  more  eagerly  read  by 
persons  to  whom  she  presented  credentials  than  even 
the  letter  given  her  by  Lafayette. 

Some  readers  may  be  able  to  trace  a  family  re- 
semblance in  the  following  portrait  of  Hon.  James  I. 


84  ANNE  ROYALL 

Roosevelt,  grandfather  of  President  Theodore  Roose- 
velt: 

"Mr.  R.  is  a  new  Member,  if  we  do  not  mistake, 
from  New  York.  He  is  quite  a  young  looking  man 
and  has  a  fine,  tall,  showy  figure,  rather  slender  but 
exceedingly  well-formed.  His  face  is  Grecian  in 
shape,  with  keen,  delicate  features  and  rather  wan 
complexion.  His  eye  is  between  a  blue  and  a  gray, 
uncommonly  keen  and  penetrating,  which  gives  great 
vivacity  to  his  countenance.  He  is  gay  and  lively, 
and  appears  to  be  a  real  business  man.  With  papers 
in  hand,  and  people  tugging  at  him,  he  could  not 
stand  still  a  moment,  for  which  reason,  and  the  fact 
of  his  wearing  his  hat  and  his  glasses,  the  present 
hasty  sketch  of  Mr.  R.  may  be  imperfect.  Having 
received  some  marks  of  polite  attention  from  Mr. 
Roosevelt,  we  merely  wished  to  indulge  our  feelings  in 
acknowledging  the  favor.  Mr.  Roosevelt  is  descended 
from  one  of  the  wealthiest  families  who  came  over 
from  Holland  at  the  settling  of  New  York." 

Some  of  Mrs.  Royall's  portraits  were  abominably 
savage,  like  the  following  of  a  Brigadier-General  who 
opposed  Freemasonry: 

"Upon  going  into  the  store,  I  inquired  for  the 
gentleman  —  asked  if  he  was  in.  Being  answered  in 
the  affirmative,  I  looked  around,  expecting  to  see 
some  tall,  elegant  personage,  of  course.  Seeing  no 
person  but  the  clerk  of  whom  I  had  inquired,  and 
some  ladies  who  were  shopping,  I  asked  the  clerk  to 
point  him  out  to  me.  'There  he  is,'  said  the  clerk, 
pointing  to  a  small  animal  who  was  squatting  close 
under  one  of  the  bottom  shelves  of  the  store.  I  saw 
the  thing  upon  my  entrance,  but  thinking  it  was  a 
baboon,  probably  tied  there  for  the  General's  amuse- 
ment, I  never  thought  of  saluting  it.  Upon  this,  I  turn- 
ed around  to  look  at  it  again,  and  suspecting  the  clerk, 
I  asked  if  it  was  the  Brigadier?     It  grinned  at  me 


ANNE  ROYALL  85 

and  replied  it  was.  I  instantly  quit  the  store,  think- 
ing my  friends  had  sent  me  there  to  afford  a  laugh, 
which  proved  to  be  the  case.  But  his  person!  He 
is  in  height  not  quite  so  tall  as  the  Puppy-skin  Par- 
son, about  five  feet,  I  should  think,  and  about  the 
size  of  a  full-grown  raccoon,  which  he  resembles  in 
phiz.  His  appointment  does  honor  to  the  state,  and 
proves  the  judiciousness  of  the  choice,  for  they  are 
certain  never  to  lose  him  in  battle,  as  it  would  require 
the  best  Kentucky  rifleman  to  hit  him  at  a  hundred 
yards  distance. ' ' 

Considering  the  fact  that  the  Black  Books  con- 
tained scores  of  similar  unflattering  portraits  we 
can  hardly  wonder  that,  in  some  quarters,  they  were 
bought  up  by  interested  parties  and  destroyed  whole- 
sale. It  was  an  age  of  brutal  acrimony  —  the  direct 
descendant  of  eighteenth  century  coarseness  in  Eng- 
lish pamphleteering.  But  Mrs.  RoyalPs  vocabulary 
was  peculiarly  her  own.  Her  images  were  more  un- 
expected than  those  of  her  compeers  in  dispute.  They 
made  readers  laugh  and  therein,  largely,  lay  her 
power. 

There  is  no  manner  of  doubt  but  that  her  widely- 
praised  gift  of  word-portraiture  did  aid  Mrs.  Royall 
amazingly  in  securing  subscribers  for  her  books.  Her 
entrance  into  either  House,  Senate,  or  Supreme  Court, 
when  she  was  in  the  hey-dey  of  her  fame,  created  a 
sensation.  Of  one  visit  to  the  Capitol  at  Washington 
she  writes: 

"I  had  been  but  a  short  time  seated  in  the  House 
gallery  when  there  was  a  great  stir  among  the  Mem- 
bers. Several  kissed  their  hands  to  me.  Others 
pulled  their  hats  over  their  eyes  —  clowns,  ought 
to  have  pulled  them  off.     Here,  let  me  observe,  that 


86  ANNE  EOYALL 

a  legislative  hall  is  like  the  rest  of  the  world,  a  rough 
and  smooth  place  —  a  little  good  and  a  little  bad,  so 
I  just  take  the  Members  as  they  come." 

Mrs.  Royall  was  present  at  an  opening  of  the 
Virginia  state  legislature.  She  sat  near,  and  ex- 
changed friendly  greetings  with,  ex-Presidents  Monroe 
and  Madison.     She  writes: 

"Mr.  Madison  is  a  small,  aged  man  with  a  re- 
markably small  face  and  keen,  vigorous  countenance. 
He  was  dressed  in  a  plain,  Quaker  colored  coat,  and 
his  hair  was  powdered.  He  was  looking  forward  and 
seemed  to  listen  to  the  debates  with  deep  attention." 

After  the  session  was  over  Mrs.  Royall  tried  to 
hire  a  carriage,  at  a  reasonable  rate,  to  take  her  to 
the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Madison,  some  miles  from 
the  capitol.  But  finding  cab-fare  beyond  her  means, 
she  walked  the  whole  distance,  although  the  day  was 
extremely  hot  and  the  roads  were  bad. 

American  biography  is  well  peppered  with  de- 
scriptions of  charming  Dolly  Madison,  but  not  one 
among  them  all  shows  her  in  a  pleasanter  light  than 
does  the  following,  where  she  is  seen  wiping  the  dust 
from  the  feet  of  a  tired  old  woman  who  had  trudged 
far  to  see  her. 

"Never  was  I  more  astonished,"  exclaims  Mrs. 
Royall.  "I  expected  to  see  a  little  dried  up  old 
woman.  Instead,  a  tall,  active  woman  stood  before 
me.  She  was  the  selfsame  lady  of  whom  I  had  heard 
more  anecdotes  than  about  any  family  of  Europe  or 
America.  No  wonder  she  was  the  idol  of  Washing- 
ton —  at  once  in  the  possession  of  everything  that 
could  ennoble  woman.     But  chiefly,  she  captivated  by 


ANNE  HOY  ALL  87 

her  artless,  though  warm,  affability.  Affectation  and 
her  are  farther  assunder  than  the  poles.  Her  tine  full 
eyes  and  her  countenance  display  a  majestic  brilliancy 
found  in  no  other  face.  She  is  a  stout,  tall,  straight 
woman,  muscular  but  not  fat,  and  as  active  on  her 
feet  as  a  girl.  Her  face  is  large,  full  and  oval,  rather 
dark  than  fair.  Her  eye  is  dark,  large  and  expressive. 
Her  face  is  not  handsome  nor  does  it  ever  appear  to 
have  been  so.  It  is  suffused  with  a  slight  tinge  of 
red  and  is  rather  wide  in  the  middle.  But  her  power 
to  please  —  the  irresistible  grace  of  her  every  move- 
ment —  sheds  such  a  charm  over  all  she  says  and  does 
that  it  is  impossible  not  to  admire  her.  She  was 
dressed  in  a  plain  black  silk  dress  and  wore  a  silk 
checked  turban  on  her  head,  and  glossy  black  curls. 
But  to  witness  how  active  she  was  in  running  out  to 
bring  me  a  glass  of  water  —  in  stooping  to  wipe  the 
mud  from  my  shoes  and  tie  them.  Seeing  I  was 
fatigued,  she  pressed  me  with  much  earnestness  to 
await  dinner.  She  appears  young  enough  to  be  Mr. 
Madison 's  daughter. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  's  books  of  travel  were  issued  between 
the  years  1826  and  1831.  They  contain  descriptions 
of  every  important  village,  town,  and  city  of  the 
United  States  of  that  early  period.  In  describing  a 
town,  Mrs.  Royall  usually  gives  a  historical  sketch  of 
the  place  and  full  information  concerning  schools  (she 
was  one  of  the  first  Americans  to  advocate  the  methods 
of  Pestalozzi)  and  their  curriculum,  charitable,  re- 
formatory, and  punitive  institutions.  She  describes 
public  buildings  very  well.  She  devotes  much  space 
to  trade  statistics.     On  the  whole,  considering  the  lack 


88  ANNE  ROYALL 

of  official  figures  in  those  days,  her  information  on 
most  points  is  remarkably  accurate.  Local  celebrities 
she  mentions  by  name,  and  thousands  of  pen-portraits 
are  given.  Indeed,  he  is  a  rare  American  who  cannot 
find  an  ancestor,  either  glorified  or  lampooned,  some- 
where in  Mrs.  RoyalPs  books. 

The  old  lady  chose  a  very  hard  way  of  earning 
a  living.  The  sight-seeing  necessary  for  her  amateur 
Baedeckers  would  have  worn  out  most  women  of  her 
years.  She  seldom  hired  a  carriage.  Day  after  day 
she  trudged  in  all  weathers  taking  notes,  interviewing 
prominent  persons,  soliciting  subscriptions,  and  deliv- 
ering her  books.  Her  grit  never  failed.  When  her 
tired  feet  were  bleeding  from  long  traveling  over  Phil- 
adelphia's streets  she  only  said  sturdily,  "I  may  as 
well  walk  to  death  as  starve  to  death,"  and  trudged 
on  with  genuine  pioneer  fortitude.  "In  Pittsburg," 
she  writes,  "I  was  thirteen  days  on  my  feet  taking 
notes,  viewing  and  admiring  the  workshops,  from 
early  morning  till  dark,  often  long  after  dark.  From 
the  mud  on  the  pavements,  occasioned  by  the  bursting 
of  the  pipes  which  occurred  at  that  time,  the  smoke 
and  black  from  the  coal  and  the  furnaces  with  their 
fumes,  I  had  a  most  fatiguing  tour  of  it.  It  was 
infinitely  greater  than  my  tour  through  the  whole 
state.  Such  was  my  ardour  to  complete  it  that  I 
never  stopped  to  dine  but  once.  The  task  was  cer- 
tainly too  great  for  a  female,  especially  one  of  my 
years,  and  being  quite  lame  at  the  time  I  was  scarcely 
able  to  crawl  to  my  room  at  night.  My  weariness  was 
such  that  I  was  unable  to  sleep  or  take  sufficient 
nourishment,  but  I  determined  not  to  look  back." 


ANNE  KOYALL  89 

In  other  words,  Mrs.  Royall  had  made  up  her 
mind  to  rectify  the  mistakes  and  injustice  of  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar  who,  not  long  before,  had  pub- 
lished an  unflattering  and  inaccurate  account  of  Pitts- 
burg —  a  city  that  lay  very  near  her  heart. 

Whenever  Mrs.  Royall  received  money  —  and  for 
a  few  years  her  earnings  were  large  —  she  immediately 
gave  it  away.  Therefore,  she  was  often  hungry.  She 
was  often  cold.  Seldom,  indeed,  was  she  sufficiently 
clothed.  In  chill  March,  day  after  day,  through  Bos- 
ton's ocean  sleet  she  fought  her  way,  her  shoulders 
only  partially  protected  by  a  thin,  summer  shawl 
given  to  her  by  Mrs.  John  Quincy  Adams. 

Nearly  all  Mrs.  Royall 's  books  were  written  in 
dingy  bed-rooms  of  second  class  taverns.  Long  after 
midnight  her  candle  burned.  Sheet  after  sheet,  in 
her  clear  bold  handwriting,  slipped  from  the  light- 
stand  to  the  patchwork  quilt  that  covered  the  poor 
little  bed.  'Twas  a  very  different  room  from  the 
comfortable  chamber  in  which  she  had  written  those 
happy  letters  to  "Matt"  years  before.  But  resolute 
old  Anne  Royall  wasted  no  time  in  useless  repining. 
Bright  and  early  next  morning,  in  her  clean  calico 
gown,  with  its  mutton-leg  sleeves,  and  wearing  a  big 
poke-bonnet,  she  was  out  on  the  street  again,  notebook 
in  hand,  her  pencil  sharpened  for  business.  Un- 
doubtedly, the  old  lady  was  a  persistent  book-agent. 
She  had  to  be  persistent.  Selling  her  books  meant 
keeping  out  of  the  poor-house.  This  is  the  way  in 
which  she  was  sometimes  rebuffed:  "I  approached 
Mr.  F.  in  his  office  with  my  best  courtesy  and  told 
him  I  had  come  to  pay  my  respects  to  him,  hoped  he 


90  ANNE  ROYALL 

was  well,  etc.  To  which  he  replied  in  a  voice  that 
suggested  the  hoarse  croak  of  a  raven,  '  I  want  none  of 
your  respects,  nor  your  books.  Get  out  of  here,  you 
old  hag.'" 

Mrs.  Royall's  only  comment  on  this  reception  is, 
"Rather  extraordinary  in  a  gentleman  of  his  gal- 
lantry. ' ' 

In  view  of  the  assertion  that  has  been  made  that 
Mrs.  Royall  's  books  are  still  readable,  the  question  will 
naturally  be  asked, ' '  Why,  then,  have  those  books  been 
consigned  to  Limbo?"  There  are  several  reasons. 
One  is,  that,  as  Mrs.  Royall  said,  they  were  written 
for  the  living.  Her  own  words  proved  true  in  the 
case  of  her  own  books  — ' '  Nobody  cares  for  the  dead. ' ' 
Another  reason  is  that  the  big,  black  shadow  of  the 
civil  war  blotted  out  a  great  deal  of  minor  American 
literature  including  Anne  Royall's,  and  much  that 
was  far  better  than  hers.  Some  that  was  far  worse 
than  hers,  has,  queerly  enough,  survived  and  is  em- 
balmed in  modern  "Histories  of  American  Litera- 
ture. ' '  The  great  reason,  however,  why  Mrs.  Royall 's 
books  have  been  ignored  by  critics  and  compilers  for 
three-quarters  of  a  century  lies  in  the  woman's  bit- 
terly hostile  attitude  to  the  prevailing  theology  of  her 
day  and  her  brave  espousal  of  the  then  greatly-dis- 
credited cause  of  Freemasonry. 

Strictly  speaking,  Mrs.  Royall's  books  cannot 
properly  be  classed  under  the  head  of  literature. 
Nevertheless,  they  are  a  most  valuable  contribution 
to  the  social-history  of  the  United  States.  They  have 
become  very  rare.  Probably  no  library  in  the  world 
contains  an  entire  set.     Even  the  library  of  Congress 


ANNE  EOYALL  91 

lacks  the  first  volume  of  the  first  series  of  The  Black 
Book.  "Wherever  found,  copies  of  Mrs.  Royall  's  books 
command  high  prices.  Some  of  them  are  well  worth 
reprinting.  Many  a  town  and  city  would  be  glad  to 
see  itself  as  it  looked  before  the  year  1831  to  the  eyes 
of  a  clever,  observant  woman. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
Freemasonry 

Old  William  Royall  believed  that  Freemasonry- 
more  fully  made  for  right  daily  living  than  any  other 
institution  of  human  origin.  This  fundamental  belief 
he  instilled  into  the  mind  and  heart  of  his  devoted 
pupil  and  wife.  Moreover  when  that  wife  found  her- 
self a  penniless  widow,  deserted  by  many  who,  during 
her  husband's  lifetime,  had  seemed  to  be  her  friends, 
Freemasons  stepped  to  her  aid,  offering  shelter,  food, 
clothing,  and  sound  advice.  At  the  home  of  that  kind 
Mason,  Mr.  Clagget,  in  Alexandria,  she  prepared  her 
first  book  for  the  press. 

Shortly  after  the  publication  of  this  work,  in 
1826,  an  event  occurred  in  Genesee  county,  N.  Y., 
which  plunged  the  country,  especially  the  east,  into 
acrimonious  turmoil  that  lasted  nearly  twenty  years, 
namely,  the  abduction  and  the  permanent  disappear- 
ance of  William  Morgan,  a  man  who  professed  to 
reveal,  in  a  printed  account,  some  of  the  secrets  of 
Freemasonry.  In  consequence  of  this  abduction,  and 
possible  murder,  committed  by  a  small  group  of  hot- 
headed Masons,  American  society  was  riven.  A  strong 
Anti-Masonic  sentiment  arose  which  was  skilfully 
played  upon,  and  systematically  fostered  by  profes- 
sional politicians.  Nearly  all  the  evangelical  sects, 
as  sects,  ranged  themselves  upon  the  side  of  the  Anti- 


ANNE  ROYALL  93 

Masons.  Between  1826  and  1836  Freemasonry  sank 
to  its  lowest  ebb  in  the  United  States.  It  was  every- 
where more  or  less  discredited.  Every  city,  every 
town,  every  village,  nearly  every  family  was  divided 
upon  the  question  whether  Freemasonry  should  or 
should  not  be  suppressed  by  law.  The  most  exaggerat- 
ed, absurd,  blood-curdling  rumors  were  afloat.  In 
short,  one  branch  of  the  "Antis,"  as  they  were  called, 
furnished  in  print  to  the  masses  ghastly  accusations 
which  the  yellowest  of  modern  sensational  journals 
would  almost  hesitate  to  use.  Freemasonry,  indeed,  had 
its  martyrs  in  those  days  among  both  old  and  young. 
It  was  seriously  proposed  in  the  legislative  halls  of 
more  than  one  state  to  disbar  Masons  from  holding 
public  office  or  even  from  jury  duty.  Many  a  little  son 
or  daughter  of  a  Mason  crept  home  from  school  weep- 
ing bitterly  because  some  bullying  companion  had 
singsonged,  tauntingly:  "Your  father's  a  Mason. 
Rawhead  and  bloody  bones!  Rawhead  and  bloody 
bones!     Your  father's  a  Mason.     Where's  Morgan?" 

Since  comparatively  few  Americans  of  the  pres- 
ent generation  are  familiar  with  the  details  of  the 
Morgan  affair,  and  as  the  raging  excitement  of  the 
period  exerted  an  enormous  influence  upon  Anne  Roy- 
all's  career,  the  whole  story  may  fittingly  be  con- 
densed in  her  biography. 

The  personal  account  of  William  Morgan  here 
given  is  taken,  purposely,  from  an  Anti-Masonic  source 
—  a  book  which  is  generally  reckoned  among  both 
Masons  and  the  highest  class  of  Anti-Masons  as  the 
strongest  and  most  accurate  expression  of  opposition 
to  the  order  ever  given  out,  Letters  On  Masonry  and 


94  ANNE  ROYALL 

Anti-Masonry,  by  William  L.  Stone.  Mr.  Stone's 
Letters  were  published  in  1834  and  by  permission 
were  addressed  to  John  Quincy  Adams,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  Anti-Masons.  Mr.  Adams's  hostile 
attitude  toward  her  beloved  fraternity  was  a  source 
of  great  sorrow  to  Mrs.  Royall,  but  she  did  not  allow 
her  gratitude  to  the  illustrious  man  to  swerve  her 
one  inch  from  loyalty  to  the  order. 

Mr.  Stone  was  a  Mason  who  came  to  believe,  he 
says,  that  Masonry  was  wholly  inconsistent  with  the 
state  of  society  at  that  time.  The  author  is  worthy  of 
all  praise  for  the  pains  he  took  to  ascertain  facts  about 
the  Morgan  affair  at  a  time  when  lurid  rumors  were  in 
much  greater  demand  than  facts,  and,  also  much  bet- 
ter paid  for.  Mr.  Stone  resisted  the  great  temptation, 
to  which  many  other  writers  yielded,  of  apotheosizing 
the  unfortunate  figure  around  which  the  storm  cen- 
tered. His  account  of  William  Morgan  and  his  ab- 
duction is  undoubtedly  correct.  Condensed,  he  tells 
the  following  story: 

William  Morgan  was  born  in  Culpepper,  Va.,  in 
1775  or  1776.  According  to  his  own  testimony,  he 
was  a  private  and  not  a  captain  (as  has  been  claimed) 
in  the  War  of  1812.  In  1819,  at  the  age  of  forty -three 
or  forty-four,  he  married  Miss  Lucinda  Pendleton  of 
Virginia.  The  bride  was  only  sixteen  years  of  age 
and  the  marriage  permanently  estranged  her  from 
her  father,  a  Methodist  minister.  By  trade,  Morgan 
was  an  operative  mason.  Two  years  after  their  mar- 
riage, Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morgan  moved  to  upper  Canada 
where  Morgan  worked  for  a  brewery.  Later  he  and 
his  family  —  there  were  now  two  children,  a  boy  and 


ANNE  ROYALL  95 

a  girl  —  moved  to  Le  Roy,  near  the  little  village  of 
Batavia,  Genesee  county,  New  York.  Morgan  pro- 
fessed to  be  a  Freemason  although  where  he  took  the 
three  lower  degrees  he  claimed  has  never  been  ascer- 
tained. 

By  the  influence  of  Major  Ganson,  a  prominent 
man  of  the  locality,  Morgan  was  advanced  to  the 
degree  of  Royal  Arch  Mason.  About  this  time  a  new 
building  for  the  use  of  the  Knights  Templars  was 
planned  at  Le  Roy.  Morgan  had  a  contract  to  labor 
on  this  building  but,  in  some  way,  lost  the  job.  A 
quarrel  between  him  and  Major  Ganson  followed. 
Meanwhile,  Morgan  had  settled  at  Batavia.  His  hab- 
its were  bad.  Early  in  1826  the  few  Royal  Arch 
Masons  of  Batavia  determined  to  apply  to  the  Grand 
Lodge  to  constitute  a  chapter  in  that  village.  By  the 
rules,  all  petitioners  would  become  members.  Mor- 
gan's name  was  upon  the  petition.  He  was  not  want- 
ed by  many  on  account  of  his  dissolute  habits  and  for 
other  reasons,  hence  another  petition  was  secretly  cir- 
culated upon  which  Morgan's  name  did  not  appear, 
thus  effectually  shutting  him  out  from  membership  in 
the  new  chapter.  Stung  to  the  quick,  the  humiliated 
man  planned  revenge.  One  David  C.  Miller,  editor 
of  a  paper  published  in  Batavia,  also  had  a  personal 
grievance  against  the  local  Masonic  body.  The  two, 
further  assisted  by  a  third  man  with  a  grudge  (a 
better  educated  person  than  the  other  two)  prepared 
for  publication  a  book  purporting  to  expose  some  of 
the  secrets  of  Masonry,  extremely  discreditable  to  the 
order. 


96  ANNE  ROYALL 

At  first,  Masons  outside  the  local  circle  in  Genesee 
county  paid  little  attention  to  Morgan's  threatened 
publication.  But  hot-heads  in  Batavia  were  soon  up 
in  arms.  Miller's  establishment  was  burned.  A  part 
of  the  Morgan  manuscript  was  captured  by  a  group 
of  Masons.  Morgan  was  arrested  for  debt  and  for 
alleged  theft  of  some  small  articles  of  clothing.  He 
was  placed  in  jail  at  Canandaigua  the  evening  of  Sep- 
tember 11,  1826.  The  next  evening  two  men  appeared 
at  the  jail  and  prevailed  upon  the  wife  of  the  jailer 
(her  husband  being  absent)  to  release  Morgan  after 
they  had  paid  the  debt  and  the  legal  costs.  Mrs.  Hall, 
the  wife  of  the  jailer,  testified  later  that  while  she  was 
fastening  the  inner  door  of  the  jail,  after  Morgan  had 
gone  out  with  the  two  men  who  professed  to  be  his 
friends,  she  heard  a  piercing  scream  and  cries  of 
"murder."  She  ran  to  the  outside  door  in  time  to 
see  a  carriage  and  four  men.  Morgan  was  struggling 
in  the  grasp  of  two  men.  He  was  quickly  forced  into 
the  carriage  which  drove  away  rapidly.  William  Mor- 
gan was  never  seen  again. 

This  high-handed  abduction  of  an  American  cit- 
izen aroused  the  country.  Governor  DeWitt  Clinton, 
of  New  York,  himself  a  Mason  of  high  degree,  imme- 
diately issued  a  proclamation  condemning  the  outrage 
and  offering  a  reward  for  the  capture  of  the  abductors 
and  for  information  concerning  the  whereabouts  of 
Morgan.  This  reward  was  finally  increased,  through 
three  gubernatorial  proclamations,  to  fifteen  hundred 
dollars.  Four  persons  known  to  have  been  concerned 
in  the  abduction  were  afterward  tried,  convicted,  and 
imprisoned  for  the  offence. 


ANNE  ROYALL  97 

The  testimony  given  at  the  trials  of  the  con- 
spirators seemed  to  establish  the  fact  that  Morgan 
was  hurried  to  Fort  Niagara  and  was  there  confined 
overnight  in  a  building  used  for  a  powder  magazine. 
At  this  point  rumor  began,  all  manner  of  horrible  and 
circumstantial  accounts  of  Morgan's  taking  off  were 
luridly  pictured  and  scattered  abroad.  The  favorite 
version,  however,  was  that  he  had  been  sent  over 
Niagara  Falls  in  a  small  canoe  and  drowned.  Anti- 
Masonic  sentiment  rose  high  and  politicians,  first 
those  of  New  York  and  a  little  later  men  of  national 
importance,  were  not  slow  to  take  advantage  of  it. 
Thurlow  Weed,  later  known  as  the  "King  of  the 
Lobby,"  was  prime  mover  among  the  Antis. 

On  October  27,  1827,  a  little  more  than  a  year 
after  Morgan's  mysterious  disappearance,  the  body 
of  a  drowned  man  was  washed  ashore  on  the  beach 
of  Lake  Ontario  about  forty  miles  from  Niagara  on 
the  American  side.  The  body  was  promptly  buried. 
Then  somebody  suggested  that  the  drowned  man  might 
be  William  Morgan.  Everybody  was  wild.  The  body 
was  exhumed  and,  after  various  "committees"  and 
Mrs.  Morgan  had  viewed  it,  was  "positively  identi- 
fied" as  that  of  Morgan.     Mr.  Stone  writes: 

' '  The  utter  improbability,  or,  rather,  the  physical 
impossibility  that  the  body  of  a  drowned  man  could 
have  been  so  long  preserved  in  the  waters  of  Ontario, 
regardless  alike  of  the  hunger  of  fishes,  the  action  of 
the  waves  and  the  heat  of  summer's  sun  for  the  long 
period  of  thirteen  months  so  as  to  be  identified  seems 
never  to  have  occurred  to  the  people  on  that  occasion. 
Or,  if  such  a  doubt  was  suggested,  the  prompt  reply 
was,  'Murder  will  out.'     It  was  fiercely  contended  by 


98  ANNE  ROYALL 

some  that  heaven,  itself,  had  directly  interposed  a 
miracle  that  the  murderers  might  no  longer  escape  the 
vengeance  of  the  offended  law.  The  whole  country, 
therefore,  rang  with  the  shout,  'Morgan  is  found.'  " 

A  Presidential  campaign  was  approaching  (the 
bitter  Adams-Jackson  struggle  which  ended  in  Jack- 
son's election  in  1828)  in  which  many  hoped  that  the 
Anti-Masons  might  hold  the  balance  of  power  in  the 
country  at  large  as  they  did  already  in  New  York 
state. 

When  the  body  claimed  as  Morgan's  was  washed 
ashore  Thurlow  Weed  was  one  of  those  who  hurried 
to  view  it.  According  to  Henry  O'Reilley,  editor 
of  a  Rochester  newspaper,  Mr.  Weed,  when  asked  if 
he  thought  the  body  was  really  that  of  the  missing 
man  about  whom  the  country  was  so  concerned,  re- 
plied, "It's  a  good  enough  Morgan  for  me  until  after 
the  election. ' '  It  was.  Through  Mr.  Weed 's  manage- 
ment the  body  was  given  a  great  funeral  at  Batavia 
which  small  village,  for  that  one  day  in  its  history, 
was  transformed  into  a  metropolis.  Thousands  of 
people  poured  in  to  attend  the  funeral  of  "the  Ma- 
sonic Martyr."     Mr.  Stone  says: 

"A  funeral  discourse  was  preached,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  solemn  service  the  body  was  once  more 
committed  to  its  kindred  earth,  amid  the  tears  of 
the  widow  and  the  curses  of  the  people,  deep  and  bit- 
ter, against  the  Masons.  Then  what  showers  of  hand- 
bills and  addresses  and  appeals  to  the  passions  of  the 
people  were  sent  forth  in  clouds,  upon  the  wings  of 
every  breeze.  'The  majesty  of  the  people,'  'The  tri- 
umph of  justice  over  oppression,'  'Morgan's  ghost 
walks  unavenged  among  us,'  'Murder  will  out,'  'Ma- 
sons have  had  their  day,'  'He  that  sheddeth  man's 


ANNE  KOYALL  99 

blood  by  man  shall  his  blood  be  shed,'  'The  voice  of 
thy  brother's  blood  ariseth  to  me  from  the  ground.' 
These  and  such  like  expressions  were  watch-words  and 
rallying-signals  of  a  political  party  and  the  still,  small 
voice  of  reason  and  reflection  were  drowned  amid  the 
universal  din." 

Mr.  Stone  gives  proofs  at  length  to  show  that  the 
body  was  not  that  of  William  Morgan.  Moreover, 
all  doubt  was  set  at  rest,  by  further  investigation, 
caused  by  a  newspaper  advertisement  asking  for  infor- 
mation concerning  the  body  of  one  Timothy  Monroe, 
of  Clarke  county  in  Canada  who,  a  few  weeks  before 
the  body  was  found,  went  in  a  boat  to  Newark,  and 
was  drowned  in  the  Niagara  river.  Again  the  body 
was  exhumed  and  again  it  was  ' '  positively  identified. ' ' 
The  widow  of  Timothy  Monroe  swore  that  the  body 
was  that  of  her  husband,  and  that  the  clothing  was 
his  to  the  least  detail.  But  this  rectification  came  too 
late  to  help  the  Masons  politically.  The  last  coroner's 
inquest  was  held  October  29.  Elections  began  the 
following  Monday.  Mr.  Weed 's  ' '  Morgan ' '  held  good 
for  the  voters.  Instead  of  being  allayed,  the  fight 
over  Freemasonry  went  on,  with  ever  increasing  bitter- 
ness and  coarseness  on  both  sides. 

Now,  in  the  midst  of  excitement  like  this,  Anne 
Eoyall  was  not  the  woman  to  remain  neutral.  Her 
traditions  and  her  convictions  were  all  on  the  side  of 
Masonry,  and  into  Masonry  she  plunged  with  all  the 
ardor  of  her  being  —  and  Anne 's  ardor  was  a  thing 
to  be  reckoned  with. 

Mrs.  Royall  's  first  book,  Sketches  of  Life,  Manners 
and  History  in  the  United  States,  had  been  on  the 
whole,  very  favorably  received.     Perhaps  the  thought 


100  ANNE  ROYALL 

occurred  to  some  Mason,  possibly  Clagget,  that  the 
successful  authoress  might  prove  a  valuable  auxiliary 
to  the  threatened  cause  of  Freemasonry  in  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  north  and  the  east  where  op- 
position was  most  bitter.  At  all  events,  this  much  is 
sure,  in  1827-28,  Mrs.  Royall  did  take  an  extended 
tour  through  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and 
all  the  New  England  states,  during  which  trip  her 
expenses  were  paid  by  Masons.  Ostensibly,  Mrs.  Roy- 
all  was  gathering  material  for  a  second  book  during 
this  tour.  In  reality,  she  also  worked,  and  worked  in 
some  places  (notably  Harrisburg,  Pa.)  to  pretty  good 
purpose  for  the  cause  she  held  sacred  —  the  cause  of 
Freemasonry. 

Whenever  she  entered  a  town  for  the  first  time 
she  brought  with  her  to  one  or  more  of  the  prominent 
Masons  of  the  place,  a  letter  of  introduction  commend- 
ing her  to  their  care.  The  Mason,  or  Masons,  to  whom 
the  letter  was  addressed  always  made  arrangements 
for  her  comfortable  lodging  and  entertainment.  Of 
her  very  cordial  reception  in  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
she  says: 

"At  Salem,  as  in  all  other  cities,  I  was  directed 
to  a  gentleman  whose  lot  it  fell,  to  see  that  I  was 
comfortably  situated  as  to  pecuniary  affairs.  To  a 
certain  portion  of  the  benevolent  citizens  of  Salem, 
this  needs  no  explanation.  For  others  who  do  not 
understand  me,  I  refer  them  to  the  Golden  Rule  of 
our  Saviour." 

In  New  York  city  Mrs.  Royall  was  given  a  benefit 
at  the  Chatham  theater.  Masons,  to  the  number  of 
four  hundred,  attended  and  the  net  receipts  were  a 


ANNE  ROYALL  101 

hundred  and  eighty  dollars  —  a  much  larger  sum  in 
those  days  than  now. 

A  brutal  assault  upon  Mrs.  Royall  in  Vermont 
by  an  angry  Anti-Mason  caused  great  indignation 
among  the  Fraternity  generally.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that,  of  all  the  states,  Vermont  was  most  strong- 
ly Anti-Masonic.  Mrs.  Royall  was  warned  not  to 
enter  the  state  upon  her  second  tour  but,  as  usual, 
she  laughed  at  the  idea  of  personal  danger.  Upon 
her  arrival  in  Burlington  in  1827,  she  was  waited 
upon  by  three  prominent  Masons  —  Ex-Governor  Van 
Ness,  Mr.  Haswell  and  Mr.  Langdon.  She  writes: 
"In  the  course  of  the  interview  the  state  of  society 
in  Vermont,  the  various  denominations,  and  the  mis- 
sionary scheme,  formed  a  part  of  the  conversation." 

Probably  the  Morgan  affair  and  its  deplorable 
consequences  also  formed  a  "part  of  the  conversa- 
tion," but  Mrs.  Royall  was  too  good  a  Mason  to  say 
so.  One  of  the  gentlemen,  pointing  to  a  store  oppo- 
site, told  her  that  the  proprietor  was  a  typical ' '  Blue- 
skin." 

Next  day  Mrs.  Royall  entered  this  store.  She 
says; 

"The  house  had  high  steps  before  the  door  from 
which  the  snow  had  been  removed.  Upon  going  in  I 
found  a  hard-featured,  gloomy  looking  man  standing 
outside  the  counter.  Another  was  standing  inside. 
I  took  him  to  be  the  proprietor.  If  the  first  was 
gloomy,  the  latter  was  fierce  and  savage.  He  was 
about  fifty  years  of  age,  stoutly  built,  and  wore  a 
wig  of  a  sandy  color.  His  face  looked  of  iron  hard- 
ness, and  seemed  as  if  it  had  laid  out  on  a  frosty 
night.  Of  all  Jonney  Saws  he  had  the  most  terrific 
look." 


102  ANNE  ROYALL 

Mrs.  Royall  invited  the  gentleman  thus  pleasantly 
described  to  buy  her  book.  He  replied  that  he  would 
give  her  a  permit  to  the  workhouse  where  she  belonged. 
A  spirited  word-encounter  followed  in  which,  doubt- 
less the  woman  came  out  victor.  She  admits  using 
the  term  ' '  hypocrite ' '  effectively.     She  goes  on : 

"I  was  standing  near  the  stove,  which,  as  well 
as  I  can  remember,  was  in  the  center  of  the  room. 
While  I  was  opening  a  paper  to  show  him  that  I  was 
not  a  subject  for  the  workhouse,  he  walked  deliberately 
to  the  door  and  opened  it.  Then  he  walked  back  and 
came  behind  me.  He  took  hold  of  me  with  a  hand  on 
each  shoulder  and  pushed  me  with  such  force  that  he 
sent  me  to  the  foot  of  the  steps  into  the  street.  My 
ankle  was  dislocated,  one  of  the  bones  of  the  same 
leg  broken,  and  the  whole  limb  bruised  and  mangled 
in  the  most  shocking  manner.  This  happened  Decem- 
ber 17,  1827,  and  I  never  walked  a  step  until  June, 
1828,  and  I  have  not  fully  recovered  yet." 

Passers-by  picked  her  up  and  carried  her  to  her 
boarding-house.  Gen.  Van  Ness  took  legal  steps  but 
they  seem  to  have  been  useless  so  far  as  any  money 
damages  were  concerned.  In  the  following  hard 
weeks  Mrs.  Royall  would  have  been  very  lonely  had 
it  not  been  for  a  young  Canadian  named  Brooks. 
She  writes:  "This  amiable  young  man  never  missed 
an  evening  coming  to  see  me.  He  read  aloud  from 
some  amusing  book,  but  chiefly  Sterne.  Verily,  the 
Green  Mountains  never  before  nor  since  looked  down 
upon  so  alien  a  sight  as  this  amiable  young  man  and 
supposedly  Godless  old  Anne  Royall  chuckling  to- 
gether over  Tristram  Shandy." 

During  her  enforced  confinement  Mrs.  Royall  was 
just  about  as  easy  to  handle  as  a  disabled  lioness.     She 


ANNE  ROY  ALL  103 

confesses:  "The  doctors  had  a  grievous  time  of  it. 
Never  having  been  confined  in  my  life  before,  I  was 
so  outrageous  and  ungovernable  that  they  one  after 
another  forsook  me  and  left  me  to  die  in  my  sins." 

The  following  performance  shows  that  the  physi- 
cians could  hardly  be  blamed: 

"A  good  natured  Boston  Doctor  Pomeroy  had 
splintered  the  limb  up  nicely.  I  refused  to  lie  down. 
Shortly  after  he  went  off,  I  very  deliberately  took  off 
the  bandage  and  splints  and,  setting  my  ankle  and  foot 
in  some  warm  beef  brine,  drew  my  table  to  me  and 
went  on  writing.  I  continued  to  work,  though  grin- 
ning with  pain,  for  about  two  hours." 

It  was  more  than  three  years  before  the  old  lady 
was  able  to  walk  without  limping.  During  that  time, 
also,  she  suffered  much  pain.  Small  wonder  that  the 
book  she  was  working  on  just  after  the  assault, 
Volume  III  of  the  Black  Book,  is  somewhat  vitrolic. 

Mrs.  Royall's  views  on  the  subject  of  Freemason- 
ry would  fill  a  good  sized  volume  and  it  is  a  safe 
guess  that  she  was  willing  to,  and  did,  express  her 
views  on  the  subject  in  every  company.  She  was  a 
good  talker,  quick  in  repartee.  She  used  uncommon 
and  telling  similes.  Moreover,  she  had  a  trick  of 
hitting  the  nail  on  the  head  which  was  very  convincing 
to  listeners.  And  there  always  were  listeners  wher- 
ever Anne  Royall  was.  By  general  consent,  she  usu- 
ally held  the  center  of  the  stage.  She  was  good  fun. 
Young  men,  especially,  enjoyed  her  immensely,  and 
admired  her  courage.  Her  ridicule  of  Anti-Masons 
and  their  performances  was  entertaining  even  to  many 
of  the  Anti-Masons  themselves.  As  has  been  said, 
Masonry  in  the  United  States  received  its  deadliest 


104  ANNE  ROYALL 

blows  from  the  Calvanistic  churches.  In  lambasting 
Evangelicals  in  her  Black  Books,  therefore,  Mrs.  Roy- 
all  was  at  the  same  time  defending  Masonry  by  dis- 
crediting its  opponents.  Her  most  atrociously  savage 
pen-portraits  were  of  pious  Antis,  and  her  fiercest 
attacks  were  against  the  same  set  of  individuals. 
The  Black  Book,  in  fact,  is  little  more  than  a  compila- 
tion of  extremely  unflattering  portraits  of  Anti-Ma- 
sons. The  essence  of  the  satire  has  of  course  evap- 
orated with  time  but  in  their  day  the  famous  Black 
Books  of  Anne  Royall  gladdened  many  an  angry 
Mason  because  he  saw  therein  impaled  hundreds,  yes, 
thousands,  of  his  enemies.  In  her  newspapers,  too, 
for  almost  a  quarter  of  a  century,  Mrs.  Royall  kept 
up  her  fight  for  Masonry.  Of  the  Morgan  affair  she 
disposes  in  a  most  Betsy  Trotwood-like  manner : 

"I  believe  the  Morgan  affair  is  a  vile  speculation 
to  make  money,  and  not  only  to  make  money,  but 
further  designed  as  a  political  engine.  The  story, 
like  Juggernaut,  operates  upon  the  weak  and  ignor- 
ant; and  the  crafty  and  the  designing  use  it  to  their 
own  advantage.  If  Morgan  was  murdered,  what  of 
it?  How  many  men  are  murdered  daily  without 
ascertaining  by  whom !  You  cannot  open  a  newspaper 
but  you  find  a  late  murder.  If  the  same  fuss  was 
made  about  every  man  murdered,  of  which  no  account 
can  be  given,  it  would  exclude  everything  else  from 
the  papers.  The  presses  would  fail.  Why  is  Morgan, 
if  he  be  murdered,  more  than  any  other  man  ?  If  he 
be  murdered,  it  was  a  wicked  deed,  and  why  not  hang 
the  murderer,  if  he  can  be  found,  and  say  no  more 
about  it?  'But,'  they  say,  'he  was  certainly  mur- 
dered, though  we  cannot  find  his  body  nor  the  mur- 
derer. '  Then  if  they  cannot  find  the  murderer,  with 
all  the  police  force  of  the  country  to  ferret  out  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  105 

crime,  they  are  not  very  smart.  This  Morgan  story  is 
precisely  like  the  witches  of  Salem.  This  Morgan 
plan  is  a  match  for  the  Missionary  scheme  to  raise 
money  and,  like  them,  they  are  aiming  at  power. 

"  'But  the  Masons,'  they  say,  'are  heretics,  too.' 
Was  not  General  Washington  a  good  man?  He 
was  a  Mason.  Was  not  Dr.  Franklin  a  good  man? 
He  was  a  Mason.  Was  not  DeWitt  Clinton  a  good 
man  ?  He  was  a  Mason.  These  are  enough.  Now  all 
these  are  not  only  the  best,  but  the  greatest  men  in  the 
world." 

Mrs.  Royall  meant  every  word  she  said  when  she 
declared : 

"These  silly  opponents  might  as  well  attempt  to 
pluck  the  sun  and  moon  out  of  the  heavens,  as  to 
destroy  Masonry  —  old  as  the  deluge.  And,  to  give 
my  opinion  of  it  in  a  few  words,  —  if  it  were  not  for 
Masonry  the  world  would  become  a  herd  of  savages. 
Like  the  fire  on  the  altar,  Masons  are  the  only  class 
of  men  that  have  preserved  charity  and  benevolence 
alive  —  that  sacred  spark  which  came  down  from 
heaven,  has  been  preserved  by  Masons.  What  more 
it  consists  of  I  do  not  know  (for  I  have  never  looked 
into  Morgan)  this  was  enough,  and  more  than  any 
other  institution  can  boast.  Masonry  can  boast  of  the 
best  Christians  since  the  world  began.  My  husband, 
well  known  to  have  been  one  of  the  most  respectable 
of  men,  and  descended  from  one  of  the  most  respecta- 
ble families  in  America,  uniformly  told  me  that  Ma- 
sonry was  the  greatest  institution  in  the  world,  and 
that  if  I  was  ever  in  distress  to  call  on  them.  This  I 
have  found  to  be  true.  When  Christians,  so-called,  the 
godly  missionaries,  have  shut  their  doors  upon  me, 
the  Masons  have  opened  theirs." 

As  a  means  of  spreading  disaffection,  Anti-Ma- 
sonic almanacs  were  freely  issued,  and  distributed  all 
over  the  country.     They  were  lurid  and  often  illiter- 


106  ANNE  ROYALL 

ate,  but  they  sold  well.  The  New  England  Almanac 
of  1830,  is  a  rather  superior  specimen  of  these  al- 
manacs. Over  a  hideous  wood-cut  is  the  sentence: 
"A  poor  blind  candidate  receiving  his  obligation." 
The  cut  shows  a  blind-folded  candidate  with  a  rope 
around  his  neck.  He  kneels  before  a  dais  upon  which 
sits  a  ruling  Mason  with  the  face  of  a  pig.  Upon  his 
head  this  ridiculous  Grand-Master  wears  a  conven- 
tional tall  hat.  He  holds  a  wicked-looking  gavel. 
Skulls  and  cross-bones  are  much  in  evidence.  Near 
by  stands  another  candidate,  his  hair  on  end  with 
horror  as  he  listens  to  the  vow : 

' '  To  all  of  which  I  do  most  solemnly  promise  and 
swear  without  the  least  equivocation,  mental  reserva- 
tion, or  self  evasion  of  mind  in  me  whatever,  binding 
myself  under  no  less  penalty  than  to  have  my  throat 
cut  across,  my  tongue  torn  out  by  the  roots,  and  my 
body  buried  in  the  rough  sands  of  the  sea  at  low 
water  mark  where  the  tide  ebbs  and  flows  twice  every 
twenty-four  hours,  so  help  me  God,  and  keep  me  stead- 
fast in  the  performance  of  the  same." 

Instead  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  at  the  top  of 
each  page  is  pictured  a  Mason  making  a  sign  —  each 
of  these  twelve  signs  being  of  a  horrifying  nature. 
In  the  back  part  of  the  almanac  are  accounts  of  church 
and  legislative  action  against  Masonry  during  the 
preceding  year  and,  also,  a  list  of  quotations  from 
great  men  condemning  Masonry.  Even  Washington 
is  invoked  by  an  abjuration,  "Beware  of  secret  so- 
sieties."  Other  almanacs  picture  Morgan's  coffin, 
somewhat  inconsistently  with  facts,  showing  his  corpse 
with  wife  and  children  weeping  above  it. 


ANNE  ROYALL  107 

Mrs.  Royall  dealt  with  Anti-Masonic  almanacs 
after  a  fashion  of  her  own.  She  made  and  dissem- 
inated most  unflattering  pen-portraits  of  all  who  sold 
them.  In  one  number  of  Paul  Pry,  too,  she  gives  the 
names  of  every  bookseller  in  "Washington  who  keeps 
the  almanacs  on  sale,  along  with  caustic  comments 
on  each  offending  merchant.  In  picturesque  language 
she  warns  the  public  not  to  patronize  these  book-sellers 
but  to  trade  with  others  whose  names  she  prints  in 
large  type  as  a  roll  of  honor  for  not  handling  the 
almanacs. 

In  view  of  the  well  known  attitude  of  the  Cath- 
olic church  in  regard  to  Masonry  it  is  really  remark- 
able how  little  Catholics  in  the  United  States  seemed 
to  mix  in  this  fierce  strife.  Anne  Royall  said  they 
"minded  their  business"  and  she  respected  them  ac- 
cordingly. But  Presbyterians,  Baptists,  and  Meth- 
odists fell  greatly  under  her  displeasure  because  of 
their  hostile  attitude  toward  Masonry. 

At  large  religious  conventions,  especially  when 
held  in  New  York  state,  resolutions  were  nearly  al- 
ways introduced  condemning  Masonry.  At  a  conven- 
tion of  the  Saratoga  Baptist  Association  held  at  Mil- 
ton in  1828,  fifteen  reasons  were  solemnly  set  forth 
why  Freemasonry  should  be  suppressed  by  law.  One 
of  these  reasons  was:  "Masonry  amalgamates  in  its 
societies  men  of  all  religions  professing  to  believe  in 
the  existence  of  a  Supreme  Being  of  any  description ; 
thereby  defeating  all  its  pretensions  to  the  morality 
and  religion  of  the  Bible  and  sapping  the  foundations 
of  Christian  fellowship." 


108  ANNE  ROYALL 

The  way  Mrs.  Royall  falls  afoul  of  this  plank  in 
the  ecclesiastical  platform  is  both  spirited  and  amus- 
ing, but  her  tirade  is  too  long  for  quotation. 

Just  before  she  established  her  first  newspaper 
Mrs.  Royall  made  a  hurried  trip  to  Boston,  "on  busi- 
ness of  a  confidential  nature."  Whether  this  secret 
business  concerned  Masonry  or  only  her  own  affairs 
we  do  not  know.  She  makes  several  flings  about  this 
time  which  seem  to  hint  that  her  trip  was  not  uncon- 
nected with  proposed  legislation  by  the  state  of  Mas- 
sachusetts against  Masonry.  Among  other  things  she 
says,  —  "The  editor  of  the  Northampton,  Mass., 
Courier  has  lately  taken  a  trip  to  Worcester  to  visit 
the  Insane  Asylum.  He  ought  to  have  gone  to  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature  —  a  great  bundle  of 
BOOBIES,  with  their  ' Grand  Lodge'  legislation!  The 
Members  had  better  go  home  and  go  to  driving  oxen 
again,  a  business  for  which  they  are  much  better  fitted 
than  making  laws." 

While  in  Boston,  Mrs.  Royall  received  a  letter 
from  students  of  Harvard  University  who  seem,  also, 
to  have  been  Freemasons.  Judged  by  the  epistolary 
standards  of  today  the  letter  is  almost  florid  enough 
for  burlesque.  Compared  to  other  similar  communi- 
cations however,  of  other  authors  of  that  barren  liter- 
ary period,  it  may  well  be  accepted  as  a  tribute  of 
genuine  admiration: 

"Harvard  University,  Nov.  15,  1831. 
"Deak  Madam: 

"Hearing  of  your  arrival  in  Cambridge  but  a 
few  hours  since  we,  humble  admirers  of  your  talents 
and  literary  acquirements  hasten  to  pay  our  respects 
to   one  whose  labors    (laying  flattery   aside)    in  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  109 

cause  of  truth  and  science,  cannot  fail  of  rendering 
her  one  of  the  brightest  spots  in  the  literary  horizon, 
to  which  the  youthful  devotee  may  offer  his  humble 
homage,  without  the  fear  of  being  either  insincere  or 
disrespectful. 

"It  has  heretofore  been  a  matter  of  astonish- 
ment to  the  literary  world  that  females  have  con- 
tributed in  so  small  a  degree  to  the  advancement  of 
knowledge  and  science,  and  indeed  so  much  so  that 
men  had  begun  to  think  that  they  were  deficient  in 
point  of  intellect.  It  was  reserved  for  Anne  Royall 
(we  say  it  with  unsophisticated  pleasure)  to  remove 
this  unjust  impression  from  the  minds  of  men,  and 
to  show  that  the  female  character,  however  useless  and 
incapable  of  literary  exertion  it  may  have  been  thought 
to  be,  can  rank  with  the  Newtons  and  Lockes  of  other 
days,  and  Scotts  and  Coopers  of  the  present. 

"It  would  be  useless  for  us,  humble  individuals, 
to  attempt  to  do  justice  to  the  works  with  which  you 
have  favored  the  world,  but  we  sincerely  hope  we  may 
not  be  deemed  impertinent-  if  we  express  with  classic 
enthusiasm,  our  admiration  of  works  which  are  ad- 
mirable beyond  the  diamond's  splendor  or  the  ruby's 
brilliancy.  God  grant  that  your  future  exertions  in 
the  good  cause  you  have  undertaken  may  render  your 
fame  and  popularity  greater,  if  possible,  than  that 
gained  by  your  former  productions. 

"We  have  heard  with  pleasure  of  your  intention 
of  visiting  the  vile  and  unprincipled  system  of  Anti- 
Masonry  with  the  severity  of  your  powerful  pen.  No 
wonder  that  its  intolerant  principles  should  excite  the 
indignation  of  a  virtuous  and  fearless  female  whose 
great  spirit  will  not  brook  to  be  fettered  by  any  nar- 
row-minded blood-suckers.  Let  us  hope  that,  with 
justice  and  divine  Providence  on  your  side,  you  can- 
not fail  of  success  —  and  as  incentive  to  exert  your 
gigantic  powers  your  name  will  hereafter  be  enrolled 
on  the  tablet  of  fame  as  one  who,  while  her  country- 


110  ANNE  ROYALL 

men  were  tamely  submitting  to  unjust  oppression, 
casting  aside  in  the  hour  of  peril,  the  garb  of  woman- 
ish bashfulness  and  timidity,  opposed  the  lowering 
storm  and  restored  her  countrymen  to  peace  and  lib- 
erty. 

' '  "We  have  viewed  with  heartfelt  sorrow  the  black- 
guard manner  in  which  you  have  been  treated  in  many 
parts  of  this  country,  and  have  also  admired  the  spir- 
ited manner  in  which  you  have  resented  those  insults 
alike  against  common  decorum  and  female  delicacy. 
Were  it  not  that  modesty  forbids  it  we  would  not  hes- 
itate to  say  that  our  hands  and  our  powers  will  at  all 
times  be  devoted  to  the  cause  of  one  persecuted  as  you 
have  been. 

' '  It  may  seem,  respected  Madam,  that  our  address- 
ing you  in  this  manner,  is  impolite  as  well  as  un- 
called for,  and  insulting  to  the  delicate  feelings  of  a 
woman  —  but  may  we  venture  to  hope  that  the  en- 
thusiasm of  youth,  and  a  devoted  admiration  of  your 
superior  worth,  will  excuse  this  abrupt  expression  of 
our  feelings  and  remove  any  disagreeable  impressions 
which  may  have  at  first  arisen  in  your  mind. 

' '  Hoping  this  communication  may  meet  with  your 
approbation,  permit  us  to  subscribe  ourselves, 
"Your  Devoted  Admirers, 

"Many  Students. 
"Mrs.  Anne  Royall, 
' '  Cambridge. ' ' 

For  about  six  years  the  Anti-Masonic  party  in- 
creased with  amazing  rapidity,  holding  the  balance  of 
power  in  New  York  state  and  spreading  over  all  of 
New  England,  much  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware,  the  South,  and,  to  some  extent,  the  West. 

In  1832  it  named  a  presidential  candidate,  Wil- 
liam Wirt,  who  received  the  electoral  vote  of  Vermont. 
Up  to  his  amalgamation  with  the  Anti-Masons,  Mrs. 


ANNE  ROYALL  111 

Royall  had  admired  Mr.  Wirt,  who  was  the  author 
of  Letters  of  a  British  Spy,  a  book  that  passed  in  a 
short  time  through  twelve  editions.  Mrs.  Royall 
quotes  ironically,  "Mr.  Wirt  died  the  day  after  he 
published  the  Spy. ' ' 

In  Harrisburg,  Penn.,  which  was  a  stronghold  of 
Masonry,  Mrs.  Royall  was  treated  like  a  queen.  She 
was  given  the  privilege  of  the  floor  in  both  houses  of 
the  legislature,  dined  and  feted  and  publicly  thanked 
for  her  services.  She  even  went  to  church  —  and 
in  style: 

"I  arrived  Saturday.  Next  morning,  General 
Ogle,  the  old  76,  attended  with  a  barouche  and  five 
or  six  outriders,  and  thus  honored  I  was  led  to  the 
front  pew  which  had  been  reserved  for  the  purpose. 
Next  day  I  was  escorted  to  the  Senate  where  I  found 
matter  enough  for  my  pen." 

Mrs.  Royall  then  gives  a  long  line  of  pen-por- 
traits of  the  members  of  both  houses,  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  of  the  bar  of  Pennsylvania  in  1828  —  a 
most  interesting  collection.  A  farewell  dinner  was 
given  her: 

"When  my  departure  drew  near,  the  gentlemen 
of  Harrisburg  were  pleased  to  honor  me  with  a  din- 
ner. Without  flattering  Mr.  Wilson,  at  whose  tavern 
the  dinner  was  given,  it  was  the  most  splendid  I  ever 
saw  in  the  western  or  the  eastern  states. 

' '  But  the  Toast  —  I  was  supported  on  the  right 
by  Gen.  Ogle,  the  oldest  General  of  the  Revolution, 
and  on  the  left  by  Gen.  Wise.  I  was  asked  whom  I 
would  have  in  front.  I  replied,  the  editors,  my  great- 
est friends.  Accordingly,  three  editors  sat  before  me, 
of  whom  Mr.  Stambaugh  of  the  Reporter,  was  one. 


112  ANNE  ROYALL 

"While  I  was  thus  honored,  Mr.  Hay,  of  the 
Sentinel,  came  up  behind  me  and,  leaning  on  my  chair, 
proposed  a  reconciliation.  I  always  come  to  the  point 
at  once,  and,  taking  a  glass  of  wine,  I  proposed  he 
should  abjure  Blue-skins  forever.  This  was  a  tough 
pill,  he  hummed  and  hawed  some  time.  Mr.  Stam- 
baugh,  finding  that  he  hesitated,  filled  up  a  glass  and 
said,  '  I  will  pledge  you,  Mrs.  Royall ;  Blue-Skins,  may 
all  their  throats  be  cut.' 

"Harrisburg  contains  between  three  and  four 
thousand  inhabitants ;  and  beside  the  buildings  already 
mentioned,  has  a  magnificent  Masonic  hall,  a  court 
house,  a  prison  and  several  churches." 

Always,  in  her  small  newspapers,  Mrs.  Royall 
made  room  for  articles  favoring  Masonry.  Once  she 
gives  two  full  pages  of  four-page  Paul  Pry  to  a  State- 
ment of  Masonic  Principles,  originally  issued  (1832) 
in  the  Boston  Commercial,  by  prominent  Masons  of 
Boston  and  neighboring  towns.  She  introduces  the 
Statement  by  saying: 

"As  the  widow  of  a  Mason  who  sat  in  the  lodge 
with  General  Washington  and  General  Lafayette,  and 
who  fought  by  their  sides  in  the  cause  of  Freedom, 
it  gives  us  much  pleasure  to  exhibit  to  the  world  so 
large  and  respectable  body  of  the  Fraternity. ' ' 

This  declaration  of  principles  is  interesting  as 
showing  the  serious  state  into  which  the  ancient  order 
of  Freemasonry  had  fallen  in  the  United  States  within 
a  comparatively  short  time: 

"While  the  public  mind  remained  in  the  high 
state  of  excitement,  to  which  it  had  been  carried  by 
the  partial  and  inflammatory  representations  of  cer- 
tain offences  committed  by  a  few  misguided  members 
of  the  Masonic  Institution  in  a  sister  state,  it  seemed 
to  the  undersigned  (residents  of  Boston  and  vicinity) 


ANNE  ROYALL  113 

to  be  expedient  to  refrain  from  a  public  declaration  of 
their  principles  and  engagements  as  Masons.  But  be- 
lieving the  time  now  to  be  fully  come,  when  their 
fellow-citizens  will  receive  with  candour,  if  not  with 
satisfaction,  a  solemn  and  unequivocal  denial  of  the 
allegation  which,  during  the  last  five  years,  in  conse- 
quence of  their  connection  with  the  Masonic  Frater- 
nity, have  been  reiterated  against  them,  they  respect- 
fully ask  permission  to  invite  attention  to  the  sub- 
joined Declaration." 

A  lengthy  setting  forth  of  uplifting  principles 
follows,  ending  with:  ''The  undersigned  can  neither 
renounce  nor  abandon  Masonry.  We  most  cordially 
unite  with  our  brethren  of  Salem  and  vicinity  in  the 
declaration  and  hope  that  should  the  people  of  this 
country  become  so  infatuated  as  to  deprive  Masons 
of  their  civil  rights,  in  violation  of  their  written  con- 
stitutions, and  of  the  wholesome  spirit  of  free  laws 
and  just  governments,  a  vast  majority  of  the  Frater- 
nity will  still  remain  firm,  confiding  in  God  and  the 
rectitude  of  their  intentions  for  consolation  under  the 
trials  to  which  they  may  be  exposed." 

There  were  hundreds  of  signatures  representing 
many  different  towns.  Among  the  Boston  names  are 
Cabot,  Wells,  Chickering,  Shaw,  Melvil,  and  many 
others  well-known  in  the  history  of  Massachusetts. 

From  the  first  day  of  her  desolate  widowhood  to 
the  time,  long  afterward,  when  she  was  carried  to  her 
still  unmarked  grave  in  the  Congressional  cemetery  at 
Washington,  Masons  were  Anne  Royall's  friends  even 
as  she,  through  evil  and  good  report,  was  a  loyal  friend 
to  them. 


CHAPTER  VII 
Mrs.  Royall  Versus  Evangelicalism 

To  understand  Anne  Royall 's  character  —  to  ac- 
count for  her  writings  —  the  reader  must,  emotionally 
and  intellectually,  put  himself  back  into  the  age  in 
which  she  lived.  To  do  this  he  is  forced  to  view,  al- 
most exclusively,  the  harsher  side  of  a  great  religious 
faith  to  which  the  advancement  of  the  United  States 
—  the  advancement  of  the  world  —  owes  a  vast  debt, 
namely,  Calvinism,  or,  as  it  was  then  more  loosely  and 
generally  termed  in  the  United  States,  Evangelicalism. 

The  best  in  that  stern  old  Puritan  faith  survives 
in  upright  individual  characters  and  in  noble  and  use- 
ful churches  and  colleges  of  our  own  day.  Its  harsh- 
est practices  and  teachings,  mere  outgrowths  of  mon- 
archical despotism,  have,  thanks  largely  to  natures  of 
the  Anne  Royall  type,  fallen  into  deserved  desuetude. 
Those  fearful  old  doctrines  made  no  man  or  woman 
spiritually  content.  They  drove  many  men,  women, 
and  even  children  insane.  "Alas!"  cries  Anne  Royall, 
"when  will  the  long  catalogue  be  filled  of  the  unfor- 
tunate victims  of  the  impious  and  cruel  dogmas  of  AN 
IMPLACABLE  GOD,  AN  OMNIPOTENT  DEVIL, 
AND  AN  ENDLESS  HELL  ?  Never  until  those  hor- 
rid dogmas  are  banished  from  the  earth. ' ' 

In  Anne  Royall's  time  literal  fire  and  brimstone 
were  preached  from  many  pulpits.     Any  person  who 


ANNE  ROYALL  115 

admitted  doubts  of  the  man-made  "Westminster 
Confession"  or  who  did  not  go  to  "meeting"  regu- 
larly was,  in  many  places,  practically  ostracized.  The 
fight  was  on,  almost  to  the  death,  between  so-called 
Orthodoxy  and  the  twin  heresies  of  Unitarianism 
and  Universalism.  In  this  unyielding  conflict  meth- 
ods were  used  on  both  sides  which,  in  calmer  times 
would  have  been  condemned  by  both  as  dishonorable 
and  dishonoring.  Writing  in  1823  to  a  classmate  who 
had  left  Harvard,  then  the  fountain-head  of  Unitar- 
ianism, to  go  to  Andover,  the  stronghold  of  Evangeli- 
calism, Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  says: 

"I  am  delighted  to  hear  that  there  is  such  a 
profound  studying  of  German  and  Hebrew,  Parkhurst 
and  Jahn,  and  such  other  names  as  the  memory  aches 
to  think  of  at  Andover.  Meantime,  Unitarianism  will 
not  hide  her  honors;  as  many  hard  names  are  taken, 
and  as  much  theological  mischief  is  planned  at  Cam- 
bridge as  at  Andover.  By  the  time  this  generation 
gets  upon  the  stage,  if  the  controversy  will  not  have 
ceased,  it  will  have  run  such  a  tide  that  we  shall 
hardly  be  able  to  speak  to  one  another,  and  there  will 
be  a  guelph  and  ghibelline  quarrel  which  cannot  tell 
where  the  difference  lies." 

The  controversy  did  not  cease.  Instead,  it  grew 
dangerously  each  year  until,  in  some  quarters,  the 
state  was  actually  threatened  as  any  unprejudiced  and 
independent  historical  student  may  learn  who  will 
force  himself  to  browse  long  over  the  dry  pastures  of 
dead  American  politics.  Among  the  Evangelicals 
were  many  who  believed  that  Universalism  and  Uni- 
tarianism could  be  put  down  only  by  the  establish- 
ment of  a  state  religion.     The  growing  tide  of  immi- 


116  ANNE  ROYALL 

gration  from  Ireland  at  that  date  also  strengthened  the 
popular  prejudice,  especially  in  New  England,  against 
Catholicism.  That  old  faith,  too,  many  claimed  should 
be  put  down  by  law.  Others,  less  scrupulous,  saw 
that,  under  pretext  of  "spreading  the  Gospel  in  the 
West"  at  government  expense,  much  advantage 
might  come  to  them  personally  as  administrators 
of  the  public  bounty.  The  mails  were  called  upon  to 
carry  printed  evangelical  literature  free.  In  fact,  a 
good  many  laws  were  actually  put  through  which 
greatly  aided  the  Church  and  State  supporters  —  the 
''Christian  party  in  politics,"  as  it  was  often  called. 
A  celebrated  clergyman  said  openly:  "If  we  cannot 
bring  our  party  into  the  field  in  ten  years,  we  can  in 
twenty,  and  can  carry  an  election  against  any  party." 

It  was  this  actually  proposed  and  secretly  worked 
for  union  of  Church  and  State  that  Anne  Royall 
fought  with  voice  and  pen  (not  always  gracefully) 
until  the  day  she  died.  Stationing  herself  under  the 
very  dome  of  the  Capitol  at  "Washington,  Mrs.  Royall, 
for  thirty-odd  years,  watched  Congress,  as  a  cat 
watches  a  mouse-hole,  to  see  that  Evangelical  lobbyists 
made  no  breaches  in  the  Constitution.  Unquestiona- 
bly, Anne  Royall  did  discover,  expose,  and  frustrate 
several  well-laid  plans  to  make  sincere  and  self-deny- 
ing missionaries  in  the  West  the  tools  of  political  am- 
bition and  corporate  greed.  The  bitterest  hatred 
against  Mrs.  Royall  in  Evangelical  circles  was  due,  not 
to  her  free-thought  theories  nor  her  defence  of  Free- 
masonry; but,  mainly,  to  her  actual  achievements  in 
blocking  religio-political  schemes. 


ANNE  ROYALL  117 

That  England,  the  traditional  foe  of  the  United 
States,  secretly  aided  the  Church  and  State  people 
was  believed  in  many  quarters.  Two  men  who  came 
over  to  the  United  States  from  Scotland  about  the  year 
1817  to  introduce  the  tract  system  among  the  Evan- 
gelical churches,  were  supposed  by  many  to  be  political 
emissaries.  Anne  Royall  strongly  shared  this  suspicion. 

Tracts  soon  flooded  the  land.  Of  the  poorest 
literary  quality  and  the  most  driveling  substance,  they 
were  turned  out  by  the  ton.  Tracts  were  left  on 
steamboats.  Tracts  were  placed  in  racks  on  the  walls 
of  every  tavern.  Tracts  cluttered  stage-coaches. 
Tracts  were  thrust  into  door-ways.  Professional  and 
volunteer  ' '  readers ' '  of  tracts  forced  themselves,  after 
the  manner  satirized  by  Dickens  in  Bleak  House,  into 
the  homes  of  poverty  and  sickness.  Young  women 
held  out  tracts  to  strangers  whom  they  met  in  the 
streets.  In  fact,  it  snowed  tracts  all  over  the  United 
States  for  a  period  of  more  than  thirty  years. 

Mrs.  Royall  treated  a  tract  much  as  a  bull  would 
treat  a  red  rag.  Traveling  on  a  river  boat  she  says: 
"On  the  table  in  the  main  saloon  were  large  bound 
volumes  of  tracts.  I  threw  several  of  them  over- 
board." Again,  "According  to  my  custom,  I  opened 
the  window  and,  tearing  the  hotel  tracts  to  bits,  threw 
them  out  in  the  street."  Her  contempt  for  tracts 
was  unbounded: 

"I  affirm  that  these  tracts  are  scandalous  imposi- 
tions, void  of  decency  and  common-sense,  a  libel  on 
religion  and  morality  —  such  as  the  following  from 
the  tract  called  The  Little  Chimney-sweep  Boy: 

"  'I  very  much  regretted  that  I  had  no  Bible  of 
my  own;  this  was  a  treasure  that  I  longed  to  have 


118  ANNE  ROYALL 

constantly  near  me.  I  resolved  to  save  all  the  money 
which  was  given  to  me  to  buy  the  word  of  God.  In 
about  six  months  I  had  saved  a  sum  that  I  thought 
might  be  sufficient  for  the  purpose,  with  which  I  post- 
ed off  to  an  old  book-shop,  where  I  bought  a  second- 
hand Bible ;  and  as  I  carried  it  away  I  thought  myself 
one  of  the  happiest  individuals  in  the  world.  All  my 
spare  time  I  employed  in  reading  the  sacred  Scrip- 
tures; and  I  have  to  bless  God  that  they  were  made 
very  useful  to  my  master 's  daughter. '  ' ' 

The  reference  to  "my  master's  daughter"  par- 
ticularly infuriates  Mrs.  Royall.  She  tears  the  whole 
tale  to  pieces  in  a  vigorous  manner.  She  points  out 
that  no  child  of  normal  mind  would  ever  cherish  any 
such  feelings  as  those  attributed  to  the  little  chimney- 
sweep prig.  "Nothing  but  hyprocrisy,"  she  declares, 
"is  bred  from  a  story  like  this.  Truth  and  falsehood 
cannot  occupy  the  same  portion  of  the  mind  at  the 
same  time,  and  it  is  an  axiom  that  every  tenet  or  prin- 
ciple founded  on  error,  is  equally  erroneous.  The  ob- 
ject of  education  is  completely  frustrated  by  these 
tracts  in  the  very  first  step  —  for  instead  of  making 
truth  the  guide  which  is  to  lead  the  youth  on  step  by 
step,  till  he  is  able  to  judge  for  himself,  which  is  the 
end  of  education,  these  pious  teachers  make  falsehood 
his  guide,  and  he  is  cut  off  from  all  possibility  of  im- 
proving those  talents  which  he  inherits  from  Nature; 
and  by  implanting  in  his  young  mind  false  notions  of 
morality  and  religion,  he  becomes  either  a  hypocrite 
or  a  confirmed  bigot,  and  if  his  mind  happens  to  be 
weak,  a  fanatic." 

The  influence  of  ministers  over  women  was  a 
standing  matter  of  scorn  to  Anne  Royall.     Even  her 


ANNE  ROYALL  119 

own  sister,  whom  she  had  seen  but  twice  in  fifty  years, 
did  not  escape  her  sarcasm.  "As  soon  as  I  saw  my 
sister  I  set  her  down  for  a  Missionary  and  I  was  not 
wrong.  I  cannot  praise  the  neatness  of  her  house  — 
but  then,  she  had  to  go  to  Meeting  which  left  her  but 
little  time  to  attend  to  her  domestic  concerns."  The 
term  ' '  Missionary, ' '  as  Mrs.  Royall  employs  it,  means 
simply  any  person  subscribing  to  evangelical  doc- 
trines, and  Red  Jacket,  himself,  did  not  hate  a  Mis- 
sionary worse  than  Mrs.  Royall  did. 

Again,  describing  conditions  at  Washington: 

"It  is  painful  to  see  handsome  young  females 
who  might  grace  a  levee,  caterwauling  about  with  a 
parcel  of  ignorant  young  fellows  (for  their  singing  is 
more  like  cats'  mewing  than  anything  else)  every 
evening.  Here  they  sit,  flirting  their  fans  and  suffo- 
cating with  heat  for  hours  while  some  cunning  Mis- 
sionary tells  them  a  long  story  about  the  Lord's  do- 
ings. They  have  the  Lord's  doings  in  the  Bible  better 
told  than  any  Missionary  tells  it.  Why  do  they  not, 
if  religiously  inclined,  stay  at  home  in  their  father's 
house  and  read  the  Lord's  doings?  But  there  are 
no  young  men  there.  Now  if  these  young  ladies  were 
really  Christians,  instead  of  dressing  and  flirting 
about  at  night  with  young  fellows  they  would  hunt 
up  the  destitute  and  afflicted  and  relieve  their  suffer- 
ings. ' ' 

With  unbridled  indignation,  Mrs.  Royall  witness- 
ed the  shameful  frauds  practiced  on  the  Indians  in 
the  name  of  Christianity.  In  spite  of  her  early  fear 
of  the  Indians,  she  always  defended  them.     She  says : 

"  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  there  was  not  a  more 
upright,  noble  or  virtuous  people  on  the  globe,  or  one 
possessed  of  a  higher  sense  of  honor  than  the  aborig- 


120  ANNE  ROYALL 

ines  of  America  until  they  were  contaminated  by  the 
missionaries.  Was  there  ever  a  nobler  character  than 
Logan?" 

Very  likely,  too,  there  were  personal  reasons  for 
Mrs.  Roy  all's  hatred  of  "missionaries."  She  sprang 
from  Catholic  Maryland.  Her  parents  were  probably 
Catholics.  She  had  heard  them  tell,  perhaps,  the 
shameful  story  of  state  hospitality  abused  by  Protest- 
ant exiles  who  found  in  Catholic  Maryland  an  asylum 
from  the  religious  fury  of  their  fellow-Protestants. 
Claiborne's  rebellion  was  not  forgotten. 

Although  often  asserting  that  she  could  not  ac- 
cept the  dogmas  of  the  Catholic  church,  Mrs.  Roy  all 
has  only  praise  for  the  members  of  that  church  who, 
she  says,  ' '  are  always  ready  to  relieve  distress. ' '  The 
probability  is  that  Father  William  Matthews,  of  Wash- 
ington, her  closest  friend  on  earth,  was  the  only  human 
being  beside  herself,  who  knew  the  family  history  of 
William  Newport.  In  his  day  Father  Matthews  kept 
many  a  secret  for  the  nobility  of  England  and  the  old 
families  of  aristocratic  Maryland. 

That  the  Evangelists  had  organized  begging  into 
a  systematic  net-work  cannot  be  denied.  Anne  Royall 
spoke  truly  when  she  declared :  ' '  Their  force  of  col- 
lectors overspreads  the  country  —  steam-boats,  stages, 
little  wagons,  single  horses,  foot-travelers.  Females 
we  could  not  enumerate,  poor  things,  how  they  must 
suffer!  All  these  have  a  certain  per  cent  on  what 
they  collect.     The  foot  trudgers  get  ten  per  cent." 

Again  she  writes:  "The  next  is  the  money  part, 
yes,  money  is  the  moving  spring  —  money  —  money 
—  money  —  all  their  plans  tend  to  fill  their  treasury. 


ANNE  ROYALL  121 

The  heathen  are  to  be  converted.  This  cannot  be  done 
without  pious  young  men.  These  pious  young  men 
must  be  clothed  and  educated  —  this  cannot  be  done 
without  teachers  and  money.  These  teachers  must  be 
fed,  too,  and  have  large  fine  houses  to  live  in,  and 
large  houses  to  teach  in.  Then  there  are  all  their 
foreign  and  home  missions  —  their  Bible,  Tract  and 
other  societies  —  all  require  money ;  and  the  priest 
is  not  backward  in  telling  them.  In  the  forenoon  it  is 
money,  in  the  afternoon  it  is  money,  in  the  evening 
it  is  money.  Why,  their  God  must  be  a  very  Dagon, 
without  bottom  or  shore. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  once  quoted  with  considerable  effect, 
before  a  congressional  committee,  an  official  appeal, 
made  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  asking  for  seven 
thousand  ministers  and  twenty-five  thousand  compe- 
tent religious  teachers.  She  comments  on  this  esti- 
mate sharply: 

"There  is  an  army  for  you.  They  call  for  a 
missionary  revenue  of  $748,323,999,  and  there  is 
enough  to  pay  it.  These  pious  young  men  would 
leave  Saint  Paul,  if  he  were  still  on  earth,  far  in  the 
background.  Saint  Paul  coveted  no  man's  silver  or 
gold.  He  labored  with  his  own  hands.  Which  of  our 
priests  was  ever  seen  at  work?  Which  of  them  can 
say  he  never  coveted  any  man's  silver  or  gold?  Is 
it  St.  Ely,  of  Philadelphia,  St.  Beecher  of  Boston,  St. 
Spring  of  New  York?  Let  these  reverend  saints 
answer  the  question.  These  three  or  four  thousand 
dollar  saints  would  not  invite  Saint  Paul  into  their 
houses." 

Repeated  thrusts  of  this  sort  told.  "Saints 
Beecher,  Ely  and  Spring"  did  not  love  Anne  Royall, 
whose  Black  Books  were  beginning  to  be  talked  of 


122  ANNE  ROYALL 

everywhere.  One,  at  least,  of  these  reverend  saints 
later  made  his  influence  felt  against  the  woman. 

But  if  Mrs.  Royall  had  been  bitter  against  Evan- 
gelicalism before  Anti-Masonry  arose,  she  was  ten 
thousand  times  more  savage  in  her  onslaughts  after 
the  Morgan  excitement  had  riven  American  society 
and  the  Calvanistic  sects  had  ranged  themselves  with 
the  opponents  of  what  Mrs.  Royall  believed  to  be  the 
noblest  institution  on  earth  —  Masonry. 

Naturally,  when  Mrs.  Royall  entered  a  town  there 
was  something  of  a  furore  in  evangelical  circles. 
"She  could  always  say  something  which  would  set 
the  ungodly  in  a  roar  of  laughter,"  according  to  the 
testimony  of  a  New  Hampshire  admirer.  When  she 
went  to  Cincinnati  a  clerical  gentleman  there  wrote 
her  the  following  letter: 

''Cincinnati,  3d  Sept.,  1830. 
"Madam:  — 

"The  cloth  I  wear  is  sufficient  apology  for  ad- 
dressing you.  Your  arrival  in  this  city  has  caused  a 
considerable  sensation,  even  among  my  own  little 
flock.  The  various  congregations  here  were  much  en- 
gaged, and  indeed  labouring  hard,  in  the  work  of  our 
Saviour,  Jesus  Christ.  At  a  recent  meeting  held 
near  this  city,  we  had  a  glorious  harvest  —  a  feast  of 
love  was  enjoyed  by  more  than  three  thousand  of  our 
fellow-mortals  (after  the  manner  of  the  apostles)  the 
doctrines  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ  were 
freely  delivered  to  thousands,  by  those  who  were  chos- 
en for  that  purpose. 

' '  That  your  writings  and  conversation  have  oper- 
ated injuriously  to  the  cause  of  good  Morals,  not  to 
say  of  Religion,  is  well  known  to  all  who  have  be- 
stowed a  thought  on  the  subject.  Yet,  that  the  motive 
influencing  you  is  also  bad  I  am  not  prepared  to  say, 


ANNE  ROYALL  123 

but  so  far  from  it,  the  Christian's  charity  would  as- 
cribe it  to  a  mistaken  view  —  to  a  want  of  that  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  our  faith  and  practice,  without 
which  it  is  unsafe  to  war  with  an  established  creed. 

"Without  further  preface,  then,  I  will  ingenu- 
ously confess  to  you,  Madam,  that  my  object  in  ad- 
dressing you  is  to  elicit  your  views,  succinctly,  in 
relation  to  'Tract,'  and  to  'Missionary  Societies.' 
That  you  have  been  in  opposition  to  these  great  and 
vital  interests  I  am  well  apprised.  But  as  to  the 
exact,  the  specific,  objections  urged  to  each,  I  am  in 
some  degree  ignorant. 

"If  to  subserve  the  cause  of  religion  and  morals 
be,  indeed,  your  motive,  I  pledge  myself  to  use  my 
feeble  abilities,  with  divine  assistance,  to  expose  their 
fallacious  character  to  the  world  —  even  that  those 
who  run  may  read. 

"Your  views  through  either  of  the  public  prints 
of  the  day,  to  which  you  have  access,  will  be  responded 
to  in  like  public  manner. 

"Very  respectfully  yours 


"Mrs.  Anne  Royall 

"P.  S.  If  you  would  prefer  a  public  discussion 
of  these  questions  I  will  not,  under  proper  restric- 
tions, object  to  it." 

Mrs.  Royall  's  reply  is  eminently  characteristic : 

"Cincinnati,  Sept,  4,  1830. 

"Mr. 

"Sir:  — 

"I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of 
your  letter  of  yesterday,  and  admit  your  apology  as 
to  your  cloth,  which  I  presume  is  that  of  a  clergy- 
man, though  you  happened  not  to  name  it.  You 
say,  sir,  that  my  'arrival  in  this  city  has  caused  a 
considerable  sensation  even  among  your  own  little 
flock.'     Then  they  do  not  trust  in  their  god,  it  is 


124  ANNE  ROYALL 

plain,  or  they  would  not  be  afraid  of  an  old  woman. 
Permit  me  to  assure  them,  through  you,  that  I  shall 
leave  them  in  full  possession  of  all  the  piety  and 
goodness  they  ever  possessed  —  to  which  I  may  add, 
life  and  limb. 

"You  speak  of  various  congregations  'recently 
engaged  in  the  good  work  of  your  Lord  Jesus  Christ ' 
in  this  city,  and  of  '  a  glorious  harvest  —  feast  of  love 
enjoyed  by  more  than  three  thousand  fellow-mortals,' 
and  that  the  doctrines  of  your  Lord  and  Saviour,  etc., 
were  '  freely  delivered  to  thousands  by  those  who  were 
chosen  for  that  purpose. '  To  these  declarations,  per- 
mit me  in  the  first  place  to  say,  that  I  am  entirely 
governed  by  actions,  and  pay  no  more  respect  to  peo- 
ple who  boast  of  their '  labors, ' '  glorious  harvest, '  etc., 
etc.,  etc.,  than  I  would  to  a  female  who  would  boast 
of  her  virtue,  or  a  man  who  would  boast  of  his  hon- 
esty. I  would  rather  see  one  good  action,  (and  I  pre- 
sume God  would  too)  than  hear  ten  thousand  good 
words.  In  the  second  place,  I  would  merely  remark 
as  I  have  seen  none  of  your  good  works,  I  am  unable 
to  judge  of  them,  and  that  self-praise  is  very  much 
like  hyprocrisy.  Now  the  essence  of  the  foregoing  is 
this  —  that  three  thousand  righteous  people,  with  their 
god  on  their  side,  and  yourself  at  their  head,  should 
be  intimidated  by  a  single  old  woman,  and  one,  too, 
who  was  raised  in  the  woods  among  the  Indians,  with- 
out the  benefit  of  education,  or  any  religion,  save  that 
of  the  savages,  demonstrates  either  that  your  god  is 
not  able  to  protect  you,  or  that  you  are  unworthy  of 
his  protection.  I  do  not,  I  assure  you,  sir,  say  this 
from  any  other  motive  than  a  strict  regard  for  our 
mutual  benefit.  I  am  one  of  those  heathen  you  are 
so  anxious  to  convert.  I  never  read  the  Bible  nor  do 
I  know  the  tenets  of  any  sect.  I  am  a  heathen  and 
have  come  to  your  door.  I  have  saved  you  the  trouble 
and  expense  of  traveling.  I  am  not  an  infidel  — 
that  is,  I  do  not  say  the  Bible  or  the  Christian  religion 


ANNE  ROYALL  125 

is  untrue.  All  I  say  is  that  I  do  not  read  the  Bible 
and  I  will  tell  you  why.  I  was  raised,  as  I  said,  among 
the  heathen,  where  I  learned  nothing  but  virtue  and 
independence.  When  introduced  among  civilized 
people  the  Bible  was  put  into  my  hands.  But  before 
I  looked  into  it  I  watched  the  conduct  of  those  who 
read  it,  and  I  found  they  committed  murder,  they 
robbed,  they  got  drunk,  they  betrayed  their  friends 
and  were  guilty  of  all  kinds  of  abominations,  and  I  was 
afraid  to  read  the  Bible  lest  I  might  do  so  too. 

"You  say,  in  the  next  place,  that  my  'writings 
and  conversation  have  operated  injuriously  to  the 
cause  of  good  morals,  not  to  say  religion.'  This 
proves  that  you  have  never  read  my  writings,  for  you 
will  find  that  the  main  object  of  them  is  to  inculcate 
virtue  and  expose  vice  —  to  patronize  merit  of  what- 
soever sect,  country  or  politics,  to  put  down  pride 
and  arrogance;  to  strip  the  mask  from  hypocrisy. 
You  speak  of  christian  charity,  and  suppose  I  am  'ig- 
norant of  your  faith  and  practice '  without  which  it  is 
at  least '  unsafe  to  war  with  an  established  creed. '  To 
this  I  reply  that  the  threat  in  the  last  sentence  proves 
the  kind  of  christian  charity  you  possess.  But  you 
are  a  little  mistaken,  sir.  I  am  not  ignorant  of  your 
practice  (or  at  least  the  practice  of  your  sect)  what- 
ever I  may  be  of  your  faith.     The  attempt  upon  my 

life  in  Vermont,  by  one  of  your  elders,  a  Mr.  H , 

of  Burlington,  who  left  me  for  dead!  The  attempt 
on  my  liberty  at  Washington,  last  summer,  proves 
enough.  Both  these  parties  practiced  long  prayers, 
attended  Bible-Sunday-school,  and  other  societies, 
which  includes  your  practice  too  —  what  the  faith 
of  such  people  is,  is  a  matter  of  no  consequence. 

"But  your  object,  you  say,  is  to  'elicit  my  views 
on  the  subject  of  Bible,  Tract  and  Missionary  socie- 
ties.' I  view  all  those  schemes  as  vile  speculations 
to  amass  money  and  power    (for  money  is  power) 


126  ANNE  ROYALL 

which  (and  the  Sunday  mail)  proves  your  object  is 
to  unite  church  and  state.  I  am  opposed  to  these 
schemes  because  the  money  is  taken  from  the  poor 
and  ignorant,  as  no  man  of  sense  would  pay  for  the 
gospel  which,  I  understand,  is  to  be  had  without 
money  and  without  price.  I  know  you  will  say  this 
money  is  to  spread  the  gospel.  What  I  understand 
of  it  is,  that  it  comes  from  God,  some  of  his  laws, 
perhaps.  Now  I  would  not  give  a  fig  for  a  god  that 
could  not  spread  his  own  gospel,  or  any  gospel,  with- 
out money.  I  would  rather  have  a  god  of  wood  or 
stone  than  one  who  robs  the  poor  and  ignorant  under 
a  cloak.  But  to  come  to  the  point  at  once:  God 
made  the  heaven,  and  the  earth,  sun,  moon  and  stars, 
etc.  Now  I  am  a  poor  ignorant  heathen,  as  I  told 
you  before,  and  would  merely  ask  if  the  god  who 
made  all  these  things  could  not  make  money,  if  he 
wanted  it?  But  the  fact  is  that  God  has  nothing  to 
do  with  this  swindling;  the  money  is  laid  up  in  the 
bank  to  overturn  our  government.  Every  Bible  given 
away  last  year  cost  the  poor  (see  the  Report)  the 
modest  sum  of  $17.57.  This  proves  your  practice 
and  tracts  the  same.  Now  these  tracts,  you  say,  are 
to  save  souls.  What  became  of  the  souls  of  all  who 
died  before  tracts  were  invented  ?  You  say,  sir,  that 
if  I  would  prefer  a  public  discussion  you  would  not, 
under  proper  restrictions,  object  to  it.  As  I  did  not 
seek  the  discussion  so  neither  will  I  shrink  from  it, 
in  any  place,  and  assure  you,  sir,  that  I  would  be 
happy  to  see  you  at  my  rooms,  or  in  public  as  Messrs. 
Campbell  and  Owen  did  heretofore.  I  do  not  know 
what  you  mean  by  'proper  restrictions'  but  I  would 
suppose  that,  armed  as  you  are,  with  mountains  of 
tracts  and  Bibles,  to  say  nothing  of  your  sex,  you  can 
be  in  no  danger  from  an  old  woman.  If  you  are 
afraid  of  one  heathen,  how  are  you  to  convert  thou- 
sands, nay,  millions?     And  who  knows  but  (as  I  hear 


ANNE  ROYALL  127 

you  are  very  pious  and  holy)  you  may  convert  me? 
This  blessed  event  would  be  of  infinite  benefit  to  your 
cause.     I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

"Anne  Royall. 

"P.  S.  I  am  disposed  to  meet  and  part  with  you 
on  friendly  terms,  but  if  you  choose  to  'war,'  as  you 
say,  you  recollect  the  fate  of  Dr.  Ely  —  I  have  a  few 
more  sky-rockets  left." 

Even  in  this  day  a  letter  as  ' '  sassy ' '  as  that  would 
create  something  of* a  sensation.  Needless  to  say  it 
did  not  add  to  Mrs.  Royall's  popularity  among  the 
Evangelicals. 

Mrs.  Royall  firmly  believed  that  Sunday  schools 
were  nothing  more  nor  less  than  training-schools  for 
traitors.  An  attempt  made  in  several  states  to  secure 
charters  for  Sunday  schools,  and  certain  injudicious 
sermons  of  zealous  clergymen  furnished,  in  the  eyes 
of  many  who  agreed  with  her,  proof  enough  of  the  real 
existence  of  a  Church  and  State  party  in  politics. 
One  celebrated  preacher  declared: 

"The  electors  of  those  five  classes  of  true  Chris- 
tians united  in  the  sole  requisites  of  apparent  friend- 
ship to  Christianity,  in  every  candidate  for  office  whom 
they  will  support,  might  govern  every  public  election 
in  our  country  without  infringing  in  the  least,  upon 
the  character  of  our  civil  liberties.  I  am  free  to  avow 
that,  other  things  being  equal,  I  would  prefer  for  my 
chief  magistrate,  and  judge  and  ruler,  a  sound  Pres- 
byterian." 

In  the  Boston  Recorder,  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher  said : 

"It  is  needless  to  say  that  under  this  economy 
the  destinies  of  the  Church  and  the  State  will  soon 
be  in  the  hands  of  those  who  are  receiving  their  edu- 


128  ANNE  ROYALL 

cation.     In  our  academic  halls  will  be  the  future  law- 
givers and  religious  teachers  of  our  great  Republic." 

This  speech  was  followed  by  an  impassioned  ap- 
peal for  funds  to  support  denominational  schools  and 
(what  moved  Mrs.  Royall  to  extreme  wrath)  to  get 
the  Sunday  School  Union  books  into  the  Congres- 
sional Library. 

"Do  our  Senators  and  Representatives  want  to 
read  these  driveling  baby-books  ?  V  she  asks,  ironically. 

Fully  one-third  of  the  first  Black  Book  is  devoted 
to  an  arraignment  of  the  missionary  system.  There 
is  much,  very  much,  in  this  and  in  the  third  Black 
Book,  as  well  as  in  the  Southern  Tour,  to  offend  the 
taste  of  a  literary  critic.  But  there  is  also  a  great 
deal  of  truth.  It  was  the  grain  of  truth  in  each 
bushel  of  tiresome  personal  experiences  related  that 
made  Mrs.  Royall  hated  by  Evangelicals  all  over  the 
United  States.  The  Montgomery,  Alabama,  Journal 
said: 

"She  is  doing  much  good  in  opposition  to  fanati- 
cism. Mrs.  Royall  has  a  rare  knack  of  castigating  an 
enemy.  If  they  think  she  has  no  power  to  hurt  them 
they  deceive  themselves,  for  she  cuts  as  deep  as  any 
of  the  Washington  editors." 

Wherever  Anne  Royall  went  intelligent  young 
men  always  liked  her  immensely,  and  sought  her  com- 
pany. The  softest  spot  in  her  heart  was  reserved  for 
her  ' '  boys. ' '     She  writes : 

"At  Northampton  I  met  a  number  of  my  saucy 
Boston  Yankees,  who  take  great  liberties  with  me 
knowing  I  am  partial  to  them.  They  were  wealthy 
gentlemen's  sons  who  had  come  there  to  study  law  as, 


ANNE  ROYALL  129 

amongst  other  good  things,  Northampton  boasts  of 
the  first  legal  knowledge  in  the  state.  But  these 
saucy  rogues  (had  seen  me  before  at  Harvard  they 
said)  almost  tore  me  to  pieces  amongst  them.  I 
threatened  them  with  my  Black  Book,  but  well  they 
knew  they  lay  too  near  my  heart.  We  finally  amused 
ourselves  with  a  black  ramrod  of  a  missionary  who 
was  stalking  along  the  street  under  our  window.  It 
was  laughable  to  see  his  loftiness  and  pomposity,  and 
how  he  looked  down  with  sovereign  contempt  on  the 
Unitarians.  He  had  just  come  from  the  tailor's  with 
a  new  black  surtout  coat  which  he  studiously  viewed 
as  he  measured  the  pavement. ' ' 

A  nephew  of  the  artist  Vaux,  of  Philadelphia, 
slyly  sketched  Mrs.  Royall  while  she  interviewed  his 
uncle.  She  says,  laughingly,  ' '  I  would  not  have  cared 
had  he  not  hit  off  my  old  flop-bordered  cap  so  exactly. 
He  knew  I  loved  him  and  rolled  his  black  eye  at  me 
as  unconcernedly  as  though  he  had  done  nothing  at 
all." 

Many  of  Mrs.  RoyalPs  adversaries  have  called 
her  "shrewd."  She  was  not  a  shrewd  woman,  Back- 
woods simplicity  always  clung  to  her.  In  slang  par- 
lance, anybody  could  "gull"  her  by  making  the  slight- 
est protestation  of  friendship  or  good  will  or,  easiest 
of  all,  by  pleading  distress. 

In  many  respects  Anne  Royall  was  the  child  of 
her  time.  Her  method  of  fighting  what  she  believed 
to  be  evil  left  much  to  be  desired  in  the  way  of  amen- 
ity. In  regard  to  Evangelicalism,  she  was  preju- 
diced, partisan,  aggressive,  suspicious,  and  unreason- 
able as  Andrew  Jackson,  himself,  was  toward  the 
objects  of  his  dislike  or  suspicion.  But,  like  him,  she 
was  honestly,  ruggedly  patriotic.     In  every  attack  she 


130  ANNE  ROYALL 

made  —  whether  against  a  windmill  of  her  own  imag- 
ination or  against  a  real  ecclesiastical  abuse  —  she 
sincerely  believed  that  she  was  fighting  for  the  preser- 
vation of  that  government  whose  upbuilding  had  cost 
the  lives  of  countless  American  martyrs. 


CHAPTER  VIII 
The  Trial 

Mrs.  Royall's  biographer  would  have  no  right  to 
dip  his  brush  in  whitewash,  for  she  would  scorn  a 
spurious  vindication.  Truth  was  the  key-note  of 
Anne  Royall's  oft-discordant  life.  She  handled  others 
without  gloves  and  she  would  wish  to  be  handled 
plainly  herself. 

There  is  no  denying  the  fact  that,  for  awhile 
after  the  astounding  success  of  her  Black  Book,  Mrs. 
Royall's  head  was  turned.  For  a  year  she  gave  her- 
self ridiculous  airs.  She  showed  herself  happily  con- 
scious of  the  flutter  occasioned  by  her  entrance  into 
a  public  assembly  or  a  private  house.  When  a  person 
did  not  at  once  recognize  her  she  would  say,  with 
childish  naivete,  "It  is  Mrs.  Royall  with  whom  you 
are  talking."  She  exulted  openly  that  persons  for- 
merly insolent  to  her  had  suddenly  become  deferen- 
tial. Her  quick  sense  of  humor  was  tickled  when 
politicians,  judges,  office-holders,  Doctors  of  Divinity 
took  to  their  heels  at  her  approach.  Not  all  ran, 
however,  by  any  means.  Many  people  of  high  social 
standing  liked  to  see  their  own  portraits  touched  up 
alluringly,  by  Mrs.  Royall's  gratitude  or  admiration. 
Hundreds  of  such  men  and  women,  when  she  was  in 
the  heydey  of  her  power,  met  Anne  Royall  with  feign- 


132  ANNE  ROYALL 

ed  smiles,  hoping  thereby  to  obtain  a  line  of  favorable 
mention  in  one  of  her  forthcoming  books. 

The  accusation  that  Mrs.  Royall  sometimes  paid 
back  in  ugly  printed  satire  personal  insults  she  had 
received  is  true.  That  she  grossly  flattered  her  friends, 
though,  is  less  strictly  true.  Mrs.  Royall  idealized 
her  friends.  She  really  was  as  grateful  as  she  seemed 
for  the  slightest  favor.  She  believed  her  own  words 
when  she  wrote  of  A.  B.  C,  and  so  on  to  the  end  of 
the  chapter,  ' '  He  is  the  finest  human  being  on  earth. ' ' 
Anne  Royall  was  always  meeting  the  "finest  human 
being  on  earth."  What  is  more  surprising,  in  the 
case  of  an  impetuous  nature  like  hers,  she  never  re- 
tracted her  friendship.  Even  when  one  to  whom  she 
had  been  sacrificingly  generous  proved  unworthy  the 
harshest  thing  she  had  to  say  was,  "He  was  kind  to 
me  once  and  I  can  never  forget  that." 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  hundreds  of  cases 
where  men  and  women  with  whom  she  had  once  been 
at  sword's  points  afterward  became  her  staunch 
friends. 

During  this  prosperous  period  of  her  authorship, 
money  was  coming  in  rapidly.  But  it  went  more 
rapidly.  Right  and  left  she  scattered  it,  in  response 
to  tales  of  real  or  fictitious  distress.  One  who  studies 
Anne  Royall's  entertaining  personality  can  but  smile 
to  think  how  she  would  snort  and  run  amuck  through 
the  labyrinthine  red  tape  of  modern  Associated  Char- 
ity. While  she  was  still  a  power,  Mrs.  Royall  often 
forced  rich  men  to  give  to  the  poor.  For  a  time  she 
was  lionized  in  Washington.  In  view  of  all  she  had 
suffered  before  and  of  all  she  was  to  suffer  afterward, 


ANNE  ROYALL  133 

few  readers  will  begrudge  Mrs.  Royall  her  one  short 
year  of  gratified  vanity.  Other  authors  greater  than 
she  have  been  similarly  intoxicated  by  an  over-draught 
of  fame.     Her  fall  was  near. 

Mrs.  Royall  had  a  formidable  host  against  her. 
All  the  evangelical  ministers  of  the  country  (with  the 
exception  of  a  few  whose  sense  of  humor  was  stronger 
than  their  theology)  hated  her  with  what  they  be- 
lieved to  be  godly  zeal.  Their  congregations,  as  a 
unit,  abhorred  her.  Politicians  whose  elections  de- 
pended on  the  influence  of  church  members  —  and  in 
that  day  there  were  few  outside  that  category  —  were 
tacitly  pledged  to  discountenance  her.  The  Anti- 
Masons  would  gladly  have  torn  her  to  pieces.  A  regi- 
ment of  office-holders  in  Washington  resented  her  nos- 
ing through  the  departments  at  frequent  intervals 
with  a  view  to  exposing  their  shortcomings  as  servants 
of  the  people.  The  money-power,  represented  by  the 
United  States  Bank,  a  monopoly  against  which  she 
pluckily  took  up  cudgels  long  before  Andrew  Jackson 
thought  of  opposing  it,  was  solidly  against  her.  Two 
infant  causes  which  one  would  suppose  Mrs.  Royall 's 
temperament  would  have  led  her  to  espouse  —  tem- 
perance and  anti-slavery  —  fought  her  because  she 
opposed  them.  She  firmly  believed  that  both  were 
only  disguised  auxiliaries  of  her  dreaded  bogey  —  the 
Church  and  State  party. 

A  free-lance  is  always  lonesome.  Even  the  Uni- 
tarians did  not  care  to  affiliate  too  closely  with  Mrs. 
Royall.  Early  Unitarianism  was  aristocratic.  Anne 
Royall,  in  dress,  speech,  and  manners  was  emphatic- 
ally unconventional.     Unitarianism  set  much  store  by 


134  ANNE  ROYALL 

culture.  Mrs.  Roy  all's  education  included  neither 
art,  philosophy,  music,  nor  foreign  languages.  Uni- 
tarianism  walked  softly.  A  church  that  condemned 
the  mild,  well-bred  free-thought  of  Emerson  could 
hardly  be  expected  to  sympathize  with  tear-down 
Anne  Royall,  who,  moreover,  was  always  stridently 
declaring  that  she  was  not  a  Unitarian. 

With  the  fool-hardy  daring  of  a  free-lance,  Mrs. 
Royall  laughed  in  the  faces  of  her  enemies.  When 
her  laughter  began  to  be  loudly  echoed  by  a  large 
minority  of  the  reading-public,  the  enemies  got  to- 
gether and  decided  that  "something  must  be  done." 

Something  was  done  —  something  so  infamous 
that,  in  Mrs.  RoyalPs  own  words,  which  are  none  too 
strong,  "all  the  waters  of  the  Potomac  can  never 
wash  out  its  baseness."  In  1829,  at  the  capital  city 
of  the  nation  whose  birth  she  had  witnessed,  old  Anne 
Royall  was  arrested,  tried,  and  convicted  on  a  trump- 
ed-up charge  of  being  a  common  scold. 

As  nearly  as  can  be  found  out  at  this  distance  of 
time,  the  chief  mover  in  the  persecution  of  Mrs. 
Royall  were  two  clergymen  who  also  figured,  not  at 
all  to  their  advantage,  in  the  Mrs.  Eaton,  or  Peggy 
O'Neil  scandal  which  broke  up  Jackson's  cabinet. 
Pretext  for  a  concerted  attack  was  found  in  the  un- 
pleasant relations  which  existed  between  Mrs.  Royall 
and  a  small  Presbyterian  congregation  which  wor- 
shiped, almost  continuously,  in  an  engine-house  near 
her  dwelling  on  Capitol  Hill.  Anne  Royall  is  the 
only  woman  ever  tried  in  the  United  States  as  a  com- 
mon scold.  The  charge  was  obsolete,  even  in  Europe, 
at  the  time  of  this  trial.     As  far  as  possible,  the  story 


ANNE  ROYALL  135 

must  be  told  in  the  accused's  own  words.  Her  ac- 
count is  remarkably  true  although  dressed  out  in  thor- 
oughly Royallesque  language.  The  person  whom  she 
calls  "Holy  Willie"  was  a  prominent  leader  in  the 
engine-house  congregation.  Also,  of  course,  he  was 
an  Anti-Mason.     Mrs.  Royall  begins: 

"I  arrived  in  Washington  January  2,  1829.  I 
had  written  to  W.  to  say  I  would  arrive  on  that  day, 
and  had  sent  money  to  purchase  wood,  and  gave  in- 
structions to  have  a  fire  in  my  parlor  and  everything 
in  readiness,  for  the  moment  I  arrived  I  must  go  to 
writing.  What  was  my  astonishment  to  find  my 
young  woman  absent.  No  fire,  no  wood,  and,  my  time 
having  nearly  run  out  for  the  third  Black  Book,  I 
went  to  writing  without  a  fire.  To  my  astonishment, 
not  a  neighbor  could  tell  me  what  had  become  of  my 
young  woman. 

"Late  one  evening,  about  three  weeks  afterward, 
she  came  in  with  a  thumping  young  missionary  under 
her  cloak  —  a  fine  boy,  the  very  image  of  Holy  Willie. 

"  'And  whose  is  that?' 

"  *I  don't  know,  Madam.' 

1 '  ' Why  do  you  bring  it  to  me?' 

"  '  I  don 't  bring  it  to  you.  I  am  taking  it  to  my 
sister  to  nurse,  and  just  called  in  to  see  you.'  " 

Later,  Mrs.  Royall  refers  to  this  child  as  being 
under  the  care  of  the  infant  school  connected  with  the 
church.  She  says,  "The  baby  is  now  eight  months 
old,  well  grown,  and  begins  to  say  'tracts'  already." 

She  goes  on : 

"Meantime,  it  appears,  a  scheme  had  been  laid 
among  the  godly  on  Capitol  Hill  to  convert  me,  either 
with  or  without  my  consent.  To  this  end,  holy  mobs 
of  boys  (black  and  white)  would  beset  my  house  with 
showers  of  stones  —  yell,  blow  horns,  call  me  holy 


136  ANNE  ROYALL 

names.  This  was  usually  at  night  when  the  outpour- 
ing of  divine  goodness  is  most  powerful.  Meanwhile, 
as  I  still  testified  a  stubborn  spirit,  Holy  Willie,  moved 
with  compassion  for  my  lost  state,  would  often  be  seen 
under  my  window  with  his  hands  and  eyes  raised  to 
heaven  in  silent  prayer  for  the  conversion  of  my  soul. 
In  this,  however,  I  might  be  mistaken,  as  there  was 
another  lost  sinner  under  my  room.  She  had  strayed 
from  the  path  of  rectitude  and  had  two  douce  colored 
children;  and  whether  the  holy  man's  prayers  were 
designed  for  her  or  for  me  I  am  unable  to  say." 

A  mass-meeting  of  the  Evangelicals  of  Capitol 
Hill  was  called  which  Mrs.  Royall  caricatures  at  con- 
siderable length : 

"A  friend  of  mine  who  attended  the  meeting 
could  only  distinguish  such  broken  sentences  as  'cart- 
tail,'  'ducking-stool,'  'Sabbath  school  nuisance,'  'Lord 
Mansfield,'  'we'll  tie  her  neck  and  heels,'  'glorious 
Gospel,'  'only  let  us  get  hold  of  her,'  'wish  we  could 
hang  her,'  'drowning  will  do  as  well,'  'Judge  Holt, 
page  226,'  'revealed  religion,'  'statute  of  Henry  VIII,' 
'refreshing  revival.'  " 

A  formal  complaint  being  made  to  the  civil  au- 
thorities, Mrs.  Royall  was  called  before  the  court  of  the 
District  of  Columbia.  After  examination,  she  was 
discharged  on  the  ground  that  there  was  no  law  to 
punish  her  for  the  alleged  offense.  When  this  de- 
cision was  announced  a  mighty  howl  went  up  from 
the  prosecutors.  Immense,  though  hidden,  pressure 
was  brought  to  bear  upon  all  the  District  authorities. 
The  result  was  such  a  scurrying  around  to  find  a  law 
to  convict  as  was  never  seen  outside  a  comic  opera. 
The  formal  report  of  Chief  Justice  Cranch  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  case  of  "The  United  States  versus 


ANNE  ROYALL  137 

Anne  Royall ' '  is  almost  as  funny  as  Mrs.  Royall  's  own 
account  of  this  legal  absurdity.  The  general  under- 
standing of  the  obsolete  English  law  was  that  no 
other  punishment  than  ducking  was  legal  for  the  of- 
fense of  being  a  common  scold.  Judge  Cranch  balked 
at  ducking  Mrs.  Royall.  Therefore,  the  statutes  were 
ransacked  and  numerous  cases  in  England  (mostly  of 
the  thirteenth  century)  were  cited  to  prove  that  a  fine 
or  imprisonment  might  lawfully  be  substituted  as  a 
penalty  for  the  alleged  offense.  The  discussion  ranged 
from  the  etymology  of  the  word  ''duck"  to  the  sanc- 
tion of  Moses.  The  following  is  a  specimen  of  the 
arguments  solemnly  used  (and  quoted  in  Judge 
Cranch 's  report)  by  learned  jurists  of  a  United  States 
court  regarding  the  case  of  an  old  woman  who  had, 
very  likely,  used  her  tongue  intemperately  when  boys 
threw  stones  at  her  windows: 

"The  passage  cited  from  3  Inst.,  219,  seems  rather 
to  justify  a  contrary  conclusion.  Lord  Coke  is  speak- 
ing of  the  different  means  of  punishment;  and  after 
describing  the  pillory  and  the  tumbrel,  he  says,  'Tre- 
backet  or  castigatory,  named  in  the  statute  of  51  H. 
3,  signifieth  a  stool  that  falleth  down  into  a  pit  of 
water,  for  the  punishment  of  the  party  in  it;  and 
chuck,  or  guck,  in  the  Saxon  tongue,  signifieth  to 
brawl  (taken  from  cuckhaw  or  guckhaiv,  a  bird,  qui 
odiose  jurgat  et  rixatur)  and  ing,  in  that  language 
water;  because  she  was  for  her  punishment  soused  in 
water;  others  fetch  it  from  cuckqueani  pellix.'  ! 

A  discussion  of  great  length  followed  this  lu- 
minous citation.  A  model  of  a  ducking-stool  was  made 
at  the  navy  yard  by  the  Court's  order  and  exhibited 
before  their  Honors.     More  researches  into  English 


138  ANNE  ROYALL 

history  and  old  English  law  followed.  The  upshot 
was,  that,  finally,  a  law  was  patched  up  under  which 
Anne  Royall,  author  of  the  Black  Books,  might  be 
brought  to  trial.  As  her  lawyer,  Mr.  Cox,  told  her, 
"Madam,  yesterday  there  was  no  law  to  punish  you. 
Today,  it  seems,  one  has  been  found."  Mrs.  Royall 
says: 

"At  length  the  trial  came  on.  There  were  three 
counts  in  the  indictment :  1.  A  public  nuisance. 
2.  A  common  brawler.  3.  A  common  scold.  The 
first  two  charges  were  dismissed.  The  third  was  sus- 
tained, and  I  made  my  courtesy  before  their  Honors, 
Judges  Cranch,  Thruston  and  the  sweet  Morsel.  Judge 
C.  was  formerly  described  as  resembling  Judge  Mar- 
shall. This  is  incorrect  owing  to  my  having  seen  him 
but  once  before,  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening.  He  is 
younger  than  the  Chief  Justice ;  has  a  longer  face  with 
a  good  deal  of  the  pumpkin  in  it  (though  my  friend 
says  the  pumpkin  is  his  head)  ;  but  let  this  be  as  it 
may;  I  was  always  partial  to  Judge  Cranch  because 
he  was  a  Yankee  and  a  near  relative  of  my  friend,  Ex- 
President  Adams,  whom  I  shall  always  remember  with 
gratitude. ' ' 

At  this  point  in  her  narrative,  Mrs.  Royall  breaks 
off  to  defend  both  Mr.  Adams  and  General  Jackson, 
saying  that  "Pope  Ely"  was  responsible  for  much 
of  the  campaign  lying.     She  resumes : 

"Judge  Thruston  is  about  the  same  age  as  Judge 
Cranch  but  harder  featured.  He  is  laughing-proof. 
He  looks  as  if  he  had  sat  upon  the  rack  all  his  life 
and  lived  on  crab-apples.  They  are  both  about  fifty 
years  of  age.  The  sweet  Morsel,  who  seems  to  sit  for 
his  portrait,  is  the  same  age.  His  face  is  round  and 
wrinkled,  and  resembles  the  road  on  Grandott  after 
the  passage  of  a  troop  of  hogs.     They  all  have   a 


ANNE  ROY  ALL  139 

worn  look  and  never  were  three  judges  better  matched 
in  faces.  This  was  the  Court,  called  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, before  which  I  was  to  be  tried,  I  did  not  know 
for  what." 

Mrs.  Royall  next  pays  her  respects  to  the  bar  of 
"Washington,  including,  on  this  occasion  as  a  silent 
member,  Francis  Scott  Key,  author  of  The  Star- 
Spangled  Banner. 

The  courthouse  was  packed  to  the  doors,  for  this 
rejuvenescence  of  European  medievalism  —  the  trial 
of  a  common  scold  —  awakened  lively  interest  all  over 
the  United  States.  Fifteen  witnesses  were  summoned 
by  the  prosecution,  twelve  of  whom  came.  The  chief 
witness  against  Mrs.  Royall  was  an  employee  of  the 
government,  a  prominent  member  of  the  engine-house 
congregation.  Mr.  Waterston,  Librarian  of  Congress, 
and  Mr.  Tims,  door-keeper  of  the  Senate,  were  among 
the  witnesses.  The  three  judges  sat  in  as  dignified 
state  as  though  a  case  of  high  treason  demanded  their 
attention.  Mrs.  Royall  writes :  "  I  shall  make  a  prop- 
osition to  my  friends  in  Congress  to  have  the  whole 
scene  painted  and  put  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol 
with  our  national  paintings,  reserving  a  conspicuous 
place  for  myself.     Hear,  O  Israel,  the  testimony  of  a 

.     He  began  to  place  his  feet  as  though  he 

had  set  in  for  a  four  hours  sermon.  It  was  quite  an 
outpouring  of  christian  love." 

Her  chief  accuser's  testimony,  condensed,  was 
that  Mrs.  Royall  had  talked  abusively  to  members  of 
the  engine-house  congregation.  He  said  that  she  swore 
at  him  —  a  charge  she  indignantly  denied.  A  mem- 
ber of  his  family   followed  with  similar  testimony. 


140  ANNE  ROYALL 

Mrs.  Royall  gives  a  few  graphic  pen-pictures  of 
other  witnesses: 

"Mr.  O — ,  of  the  Senate,  came  next.  He  looked 
like  Satan's  walking  stick.  Mr.  S.  is  a  good-natured 
simpleton.  His  very  countenance  is  a  talisman  to 
mirth.  He  said  he  hated  to  tell  the  worst  thing  I  ever 
said.  But  the  Judge  said,  'We  must  have  it,  sir.  It 
is  important  that  we  get  at  the  whole  truth.'  Mr.  S. 
answered,  'I  was  out  walking  with  some  ladies  one 
Sunday  afternoon  and  Mrs.  Royall  asked  me  if  I  was 
not  ashamed  to  be  seen  walking  with  them  old  maids. ' 
"  'Well,  perhaps  they  were  old  maids.' 
"  'No,  they  wasn't  for  one  of  them  was  my 
sister.'  " 

The  bar  of  Washington  at  that  date,  like  the 
friends  of  the  versatile  Mr.  Jingle  in  Pickwick,  must 
have  been  "easily  amused,"  for  this  colloquy  set  the 
court-room  in  a  roar.  The  Librarian  of  Congress 
"seemed  uneasy  on  the  stand."  No  wonder.  Mr. 
Waterston  was  not  a  fool,  and  he  probably  hated  to 
appear  like  one.  The  old  woman  against  whom  he 
was  testifying  had  more  than  once  done  him  a  good 
turn.     Mrs.  Royall  says : 

"My  friend  Waterston  followed.  He  is  a  learned 
man  in  Israel.  He  paid  me  many  compliments,  alike 
honorable  to  himself  and  to  me.  He  said  I  called  all 
Presbyterians  cut-throats.  I  suppose  he  learned  his 
speech  out  of  the  Sunday  School  Union  books. ' ' 

Many  admirers  of  the  Bard  of  Avon  have  regret- 
ted the  weak  expression  on  the  face  of  the  Stratford 
image  but  it  remained  for  Anne  Royall  to  work  that 
fatuous  look  into  an  effective  simile: 

"Mr.  F.  is  another  walking-stick.  His  hair  is 
macaroni,  his  arms  five  feet  extended,  his  face  pale, 


ANNE  ROYALL  141 

his  nose  hooked,  with  a  gray  goggle  eye  and  Shake- 
speare's  smile." 

Mrs.  Roy  all  says  of  her  own  side : 

"I  had  but  few  witnesses,  knowing  how  it  would 
all  end  —  Secretary  Eaton  and  a  few  ladies.  Their 
testimony  was  clear  and  unequivocal,  and  directly  op- 
posed to  that  of  the  prosecution.  Mr.  Tims  was  true 
gold.  He  said  he  never  knew  me  to  slander  but  two 
people  and  that  was  when  I  said  that  he  and  Mr.  Wat- 
erston  were  the  two  cleverest  and  handsomest  men  in 
all  Washington.  This,  you  may  say,  put  an  end  to 
the  business  for  that  day,  as  the  whole  were  convulsed 
with  laughter,  except  Judge  T.  In  fact,  the  whole  of 
the  examination  kept  the  house  in  a  roar.  Such  an- 
other judicial  farce  was  never  played  before  a  judicial 
tribunal. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  made  a  short  but  spirited  address  to 
the  jury  —  "all  Bladensburg  men. ' ' 

Wholly  against  the  evidence,  the  jury  brought  in 
a  verdict  of  "guilty."  Mrs.  Royall  was  sentenced  to 
a  fine  of  ten  dollars  and  required  to  keep  the  peace 
for  one  year.  Security  to  the  amount  of  fifty  dollars 
was  demanded.  Mrs.  Royall  summarizes  the  effect  of 
the  trial  upon  the  judges  and  prosecuting  witnesses: 

"This  verdict  was  pumpkin-pie  to  Judge  Cranch. 
The  sweet  Morsel  licked  out  his  tongue.  Judge  Thrus- 
ton  looked  as  fiery  as  Mount  Etna,  so  displeased  was 
he  with  the  result.  The  sound  Presbyterians  gave 
thanks,  and  I  requested  the  Marshall,  the  next  time 
I  was  tried,  to  summon  twelve  tom-cats  instead  of 
Bladensburg  men. ' ' 

Although  Mrs.  Royall  showed  herself  game  to  the 
end  of  the  farce,  she  was  really  much  shaken  by  the 
trial.     The  ordeal  was  a  great  strain  for  a  woman  of 


142  ANNE  ROY  ALL 

her  years.  She  was  never  quite  strong  again.  The 
ignominy  seared  deep.  Her  enemies  had  won.  Hence- 
forth, Anne  Royall  would  go  branded.  Even  a  mod- 
ern book  dealing  with  past  Congresses,  says  of  her: 
' '  She  relied  mainly  upon  her  ability  to  blacken  private 
character."  That  assertion  is  absolutely  false.  Any 
close  and  fair  reader  of  Anne  Royall's  writings  must 
admit  that  her  attacks,  though  often  bitter,  were  in- 
variably made  upon  persons  whom  she  believed  to  be 
scheming  for  the  overthrow  of  the  government,  or  of 
Masonry,  and  upon  no  others.  Anne  Royall  published 
no  petty  gossip  relating  to  the  private  lives  of  her 
enemies.  Her  conduct  in  regard  to  the  Mrs.  Eaton 
scandal  stands  out  in  sharp  contrast  to  that  of  many 
other  journalists  of  her  day,  and  of  ours.  Probably 
Secretary  Eaton  gratefully  remembered  Mrs.  Royall's 
reticence  when  he  testified  warmly  in  her  behalf  at 
the  trial. 

The  story  of  pretty  Peggy  O'Neil,  the  tavern- 
keeper's  daughter,  who,  as  the  widow  of  Timberlake, 
married  John  H.  Eaton,  senator  from  Tennessee,  and 
later  Secretary  of  War,  has  often  been  told.  In  view 
of  Mrs.  Royall's  long  and  close  friendship  with  the 
Eatons,  however,  a  brief  review  of  this  famous  society 
quarrel  may  not  be  out  of  place  here. 

The  wives  and  daughters  of  Secretary  Eaton's 
fellow-cabinet  members  refused  to  receive,  or  to  asso- 
ciate in  any  way  with,  Mrs.  Eaton.  Vile  charges 
against  her  character  were  made  by  a  Washington 
clergyman  to  Dr.  Ely,  a  celebrated  Doctor  of  Divinity 
in  Philadelphia  who,  in  turn,  reported  them  in  writing 
to  the  President  of  the  United  States.     President  Jack- 


ANNE  ROY  ALL  143 

son  caused  a  searching  investigation  to  be  made.  The 
evidence  presented  to  sustain  the  charges  was  of  so 
flimsy  a  character  that  the  President  became  wholly 
convinced  of  their  falsity.  With  all  the  ardor  of  his 
nature,  Andrew  Jackson  threw  himself  into  this  social 
quarrel.  He  invited  Mrs.  Eaton  to  receive  with  him 
at  the  White  House.  He  gave  dinners  in  her  honor. 
He  threatened  to  expel  a  foreign  minister  whose  wife 
snubbed  the  tavern  keeper's  daughter.  He  held  con- 
ferences without  number.  He  sent  away  his  nephew's 
wife  because  she  sided  with  the  recalcitrant  cabinet 
ladies  against  Mrs.  Eaton.  He  took  Mr.  Van  Buren  to 
his  heart  for  life  when  that  diplomatic  gentleman  — 
luckily  unhampered  by  matrimonial  ties  —  called  on 
Mrs.  Eaton  and,  later,  gave  a  dinner  in  her  honor. 
Parton,  in  his  excellent  life  of  Andrew  Jackson,  gives 
an  amusing  catalogue  of  seventeen  long  documents  re- 
lating to  Mrs.  Eaton  which  have  been  preserved. 
These  papers  show  the  intensity  of  Jackson's  will  in 
the  matter. 

But  the  hero  of  New  Orleans  had  at  last  run  up 
against  something  that  he  was  powerless  to  conquer  — 
the  prejudice  of  good  women  against  a  sister-woman. 
In  the  end,  his  cabinet  was  dissolved.  The  immediate 
cause  of  the  disruption  of  the  cabinet  was  a  political 
plan,  but  the  event  which  rendered  the  break  possible 
was  the  refusal  of  the  other  cabinet  ladies  to  rec- 
ognize Mrs.  Eaton  socially. 

Now  if  Mrs.  Royall  had  been  a  sensational  jour- 
nalist this  unsavory  scandal  would  have  been  to  her 
—  as  it  was  to  others  —  literally,  a  golden  opportunity. 
She  took  not  the  slightest  advantage  of  it.     She  had 


144  ANNE  ROYALL 

known  Secretary  Eaton  for  many  years.  She  knew 
the  0 'Neils  well,  also.  She  believed  fully  in  Mrs. 
Eaton's  innocence.  But,  had  she  been  equally  con- 
vinced of  her  guilt,  Anne  Royall's  conduct  would  have 
been  the  same.  She  always  stood  loyally  by  her  own 
sex. 

Mrs.  Royall's  trial  ended  late  Saturday  evening. 
' '  The  next  day, ' '  she  writes,  ' '  on  the  blessed  Sabbath, 
these  wretches  circulated  a  report  through  the  city 
that  I  was  in  prison.  This  report  was  carefully  for- 
warded to  Secretary  Eaton 's.  From  the  testimony  he 
gave  in  court,  he  was  suspected  of  being  one  of  my 
'secret  friends.'  General  Eaton,  not  knowing  them  as 
well  as  he  does  now,  immediately  signed  a  bond,  to- 
gether with  the  Postmaster-General  and  others  who 
were  at  his  house,  and  sent  a  messenger  off  with  it 
to  the  Marshall  to  release  me. ' ' 

But  Mrs.  Royall  did  not  need  the  bond  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  and  the  Postmaster-General.  As 
usual,  young  men  sprang  to  her  rescue.  When,  a  little 
shakily,  she  stepped  from  the  dock,  she  was  met  by 
two  reporters  of  the  Intelligencer  —  Thomas  Dowling 
and  a  Mr.  Donahue  —  who  were  waiting  to  furnish 
her  security. 

Of  another  young  man's  friendship  on  this  hard- 
est day  of  her  hard  life,  Mrs.  Royall  says: 

"But  of  all  human  beings,  Master  Wallack  was 
most  attentive.  This  amiable  youth  hung  over  my 
chair  the  whole  time  with  the  affection  of  a  son.  With 
his  head  bent  close  to  my  ear,  he  would  whisper,  'What 
can  I  do  for  you,  Mrs.  Royall?  Tell  me  if  you  want 
anything  and  I  will  get  it  for  you. '  ' ' 


ANNE  ROYALL  145 

There  are  many  more  imposing  scenes  in  the  his- 
tory of  Washington  city,  which  one  would  rather  miss 
than  this  of  young  Mr.  Wallack's  filial  devotion  to  a 
hunted  old  woman. 


CHAPTER  IX 
Mrs.  Roy  all  as  a  Journalist 

Mrs.  Roy  all's  southern  tour,  in  1830,  ended  with 
somewhat  disastrous  results,  physically  and  financially. 
The  account  of  her  trial  had  preceded  her.  She  found 
the  South,  then  a  stronghold  of  Evangelicalism,  solidly 
arrayed  against  her.  Several  towns  refused  to  admit 
her  within  their  limits.  She  was  mobbed  by  certain 
students  of  the  University  of  Virginia  because  she  had 
opposed  successfully  a  legislative  appropriation  for 
that  institution.  Other  students  from  the  same  uni- 
versity, however,  made  apology  to  her  for  the  assault 
and  invited  her  to  visit,  as  their  guest,  the  old  home  of 
Jefferson  at  Monticello.  Mrs.  Royall  accepted  the  in- 
vitation and  enjoyed  a  day  at  the  sacred  spot,  which 
brought  back  to  her  memories  of  her  husband  and  his 
devotion  to  the  great  Republican.  She  also  visited 
many  of  the  Indian  reservations  in  the  South  but 
was  insulted,  in  one  or  two,  by  United  States 
soldiers  who  were  not  reproved  for  such  action  by 
their  superior  officers.  One  of  these  officers  was 
Colonel  Thomas  Benton,  later  a  leader  in  the  great 
Bank  fight. 

Mrs.  Royall  returned  from  this  strenuous  tour 
considerably  worn  out.  She  was  sixty-three  years  old. 
She  writes :  ' '  Gladly  would  I  have  retired  to  a  quiet 
little  hut  in  the  country  and  devoted  the  remainder 


ANNE  ROYALL  147 

of  my  days  to  the  peaceful  pursuits  of  agriculture." 
But  money  was  lacking.  The  pen  could  not  be  ex- 
changed for  the  hoe.  So  the  gritty  old  lady  deter- 
mined to  shift  the  burden  of  self-support  a  little  by 
editing  a  newspaper  at  Washington.  She  bought  a 
second-hand,  ramshackle  old  Ramage  printing-press, 
made  room  for  the  same  by  taking  the  sink  out  of  the 
kitchen  of  her  rented  home  in  the  old  "Bank"  house 
behind  the  Capitol,  hired  a  printer,  took  two  small  boys 
from  the  Catholic  orphan  asylum  to  help  about  the 
press,  adopted  the  editorial  ' '  We ' '  and  with  a  full  set 
of  principles  on  hand  began  her  journalistic  career. 

The  first  copy  of  Paul  Pry  (now  one  of  the  rarest 
finds  of  the  American  bibliophile)  was  issued  Decem- 
ber 3,  1831: 

"PAUL  PRY 

"Published  every  Saturday  by  Anne  Royall. 
Terms  Two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  annum,  one 
dollar  to  be  paid  in  advance  and  the  balance  at  the 
end  of  six  months.  Subscribers  may  discontinue  their 
papers  when  they  think  proper,  by  giving  notice  to  the 
publisher. 

' '  All  letters  must  be  sent  to  the  publisher  through 
the  medium  of  the  Post-Office  (post  paid)." 

The  Paul  Pry  is  a  four-page  paper.  Selected  ma- 
terial and  advertisements  cover  the  two  outside  pages. 
The  two  inside  pages  are  devoted  to  editorials,  political 
and  local  news,  all  deeply  colored  by  Mrs.  Royall 's 
antagonistic  attitude  toward  Anti-Masonry  and  Evan- 
gelicalism.    In  her  prospectus  the  editor  says: 

"Our  course  will  be  a  straightforward  one  as 
heretofore.  The  same  firmness  which  has  ever  main- 
tained our  pen  will  be  continued.     To  this  end,  let  it 


148  ANNE  ROYALL 

be  understood  that  we  are  of  no  party.  We  will 
neither  oppose  nor  advocate  any  man  for  the  Presi- 
dency. The  welfare  and  happiness  of  our  country  is 
our  polities.  To  promote  this  we  shall  oppose  and 
expose  all  and  every  species  of  political  evil,  and  re- 
ligious frauds  without  fear,  favor  or  affection.  We 
shall  patronize  merit  of  whatever  country,  sect  or 
politics.  We  shall  advocate  the  liberty  of  the  Press, 
the  liberty  of  Speech,  and  the  liberty  of  Conscience. 
The  enemies  of  these  bulwarks  of  our  common  safety, 
as  they  have  shown  none,  shall  receive  no  mercy  at  our 
hands." 

If  Mrs.  Royall  had  stopped  at  this  point  her  pros- 
pectus would  have  been  dignified  and  proper.  Un- 
fortunately, she  did  not  stop  here.  Continuing,  she 
runs  into  silliness: 

"As  for  those  cannibals,  the  Anti-Masons,  the 
co-temporaries  of  negro  insurgents,  we  shall  meet  them 
upon  their  own  ground,  that  of  extermination.  For 
the  rest,  let  all  pious  Generals,  Colonels  and  Com- 
manders of  our  army  and  navy  who  make  war  upon 
old  women  beware.  Let  all  pious  Postmasters  who 
cheat  the  Government  by  franking  pious  tracts  be- 
ware. Let  all  pious  booksellers  who  take  pious  bribes 
beware.  Let  all  pious  young  ladies  who  hawk  pious 
tracts  into  young  gentlemen's  rooms  beware,  and  let 
all  old  bachelors  and  old  maids  be  married  as  soon  as 
possible. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  did  not  coin  the  phrase  "race-sui- 
cide," but  she  was,  probably,  the  first  American  to 
preach  against  that  evil  in  print.  Certainly,  she  was 
the  first  woman  to  do  so.  In  Anne  Royall 's  time  there 
were  men  enough  in  the  United  States  to  go  around. 
"Old  Maid,"  therefore,  with  her  is  always  a  term 
of   opprobrium.     No  militarist   chieftain   ever  more 


ANNE  ROYALL  149 

firmly  believed  in  the  duty  of  raising  up  men  and 
women  for  state  protection  and  preservation  than 
Anne  Royall.  She  preached  the  duty  and  blessedness 
of  marriage  and  of  family  production,  in  season  and 
out  of  season. 

Mrs.  Royall  worked  up  her  subscription  list  almost 
wholly  by  personal  solicitation.  She  was  tolerably 
successful  from  the  start,  especially  among  Congress- 
men, heads  of  departments,  and  government  clerks  in 
Washington.  By  January,  1832,  we  find  that  she  had 
agents  in  almost  every  city  and  large  town  in  the 
United  States,  that  is,  one  or  two  men  in  each  place 
were  authorized  to  receive  subscriptions  and  to  keep 
copies  of  the  paper  for  sale.  Subscriptions,  however, 
were  not  always  paid  promptly.  At  times  the  editor 
of  Paul  Pry  was  obliged  to  resort  to  the  drastic  meas- 
ure of  publishing  a  "Black  List"  of  delinquent 
subscribers  with  the  amount  due  opposite  each  name. 
At  other  times,  she  issued  appeals  like  the  following: 
"Will  all  who  can  pay,  who  ought  to  pay,  who  ever 
intend  to  pay,  please  send  in  the  needful  at  once?" 
or,  sometimes,  a  notice  like  this  appeared: 

"INFORMATION  WANTED 

"If  any  one  can  inform  us  where  a  Mr.  T.  Bell, 
late  of  Sparta,  Georgia,  at  present  resides,  he  will  con- 
fer a  favor  on  the  editress  of  this  paper.  Mr.  B. 
went  off  in  our  Debt  and  is  said  to  be  somewhere  in 
the  Creek  (now  Alabama)  Nation." 

Anne  Royall  had  a  genius  for  choosing  unfitting 
titles.  Very  few  of  her  Alabama  Letters  were 
written  from  that  state.  The  misleading  name  of  her 
first  newspaper,  Paul  Pry,  harmed  Mrs.  Royall  enor- 


150  ANNE  ROYALL 

mously,  both  in  the  eyes  of  her  contemporaries  and 
of  posterity.  The  name  Paid  Pry  suggests  personal 
gossip  of  totally  different,  and  less  clean  nature  than 
the  free  and  honest,  though  very  often  tactless  and  ill- 
judged,  criticism  which  Mrs.  Royall  poured  out  weekly 
in  her  little  paper.  The  unfortunate  name  harmed 
her  in  another  way.  Several  vile  sheets  of  a  later 
date  —  notably,  the  Viper's  Sting  and  Paul  Pry  of 
Baltimore,  1849  —  adopted  the  name.  A  careless,  and 
more  or  less  prejudiced,  public  easily  confused  the 
famous  Mrs.  Royall  with  these  slanderous  and  vulgar 
publications.  Even  at  the  risk  of  wearying  repetition, 
it  must  in  justice  to  her  be  insisted  upon  that  Mrs. 
Roy  all's  bitter  invective  was  never  of  a  low  character 
although,  often,  it  was  very  decidedly  out  of  taste.  She 
dealt  not  in  innuendo.  She  fought  only  men  whom 
she  honestly  believed  to  be  trying  to  overthrow  the 
government  of  the  United  States.  The  following  re- 
fusal to  insert  personal  scandal  is  typical  of  Mrs. 
Royall 's  editorial  attitude  through  her  long  journal- 
istic career: 

"We  have  received  a  shocking  story  of  abuse 
toward  an  unprotected  female  by  a  prominent  man 
who  is  a  Presbyterian.  But  we  must  refuse  to  print 
it  for  several  reasons:  It  came  in  too  late.  It  is  too 
personal.  It  bore  no  signature.  It  is  against  a  pri- 
vate man.     Public  men  are  fair  game." 

"Pro  bono  publico"  is  older  than  the  wandering 
Jew.  He  was  abroad  in  the  United  States  during 
Anne  Roy  all's  time.  Even  little  Paid  Pry  was  almost 
swamped  by  letters  from  correspondents.     Mrs.  Royall 


ANNE  ROYALL  151 

is  forever  apologizing  for  not  printing  these  unso- 
licited effusions: 

"It  gives  us  infinite  pain  that  we  are  unable  to 
find  room  for  half,  nay,  one  tenth  of  the  valuable  fa- 
vors received  from  our  friends.  We  pray  them  to 
reflect  that  our  small  paper,  to  be  useful,  must  be 
devoted  to  the  general  affairs  of  the  country.  We 
can  print  but  few  of  the  communications  received. ' ' 

Soon  after  Mrs.  Royall  embarked  on  her  journal- 
istic career,  Mrs.  Sarah  Stack,  a  widowed  daughter  of 
the  Dorrets,  came  to  live  with  her.  Except  for  short 
intervals,  Mrs.  Stack  remained  with  Mrs.  Royall  from 
1831  until  the  latter 's  death  in  1854.  Mrs.  Stack, 
or  "Sally,"  as  she  was  generally  known,  acted  as 
secretary,  carrier,  and  companion  to  Mrs.  Royall.  The 
two  women  were  deeply  attached  to  each  other  and 
the  length  and  harmony  of  their  friendship  speaks 
well  for  both.     Mrs.  Royall  says  of  ' '  Sally ' ' : 

"Her  fidelity,  industry,  and  dispatch  of  business 
have  never  been  surpassed.  She  is  one  of  a  thou- 
sand. Undaunted,  yet  modest  and  humble,  fleet  as  a 
fawn,  one  moment  you  lose  sight  of  her  in  Third 
street  and  the  next  she  will  reappear  from  Twelfth 
or  Thirteenth.  Again,  she  is  off  like  a  bird.  She  will 
face  the  fiercest  storms  whether  of  snow,  wind  or 
rain.  Often  have  we  been  pained  to  see  her  come  in 
with  a  cheerful  laugh,  though  wet  to  the  skin,  and  all 
this  without  fee  or  reward." 

Sarah  Stack  was  a  noble  woman.  She  brought 
up  to  industry  and  honor  five  orphan  children,  paying 
their  expenses  by  the  labor  of  her  own  hands.  To 
Mrs.  Royall  she  was  both  sister  and  daughter  to  the 
end  of  the  latter 's  life.     Whenever  Mrs.  Royall  was 


152  ANNE  ROYALL 

ill  Sally  took  charge  of  the  paper.  At  such  times  the 
change  from  Mrs.  Royall 's  sharp  wit  and  combative 
language  to  Mrs.  Stack's  sincere,  though  common- 
place, morality,  must  have  been  a  little  mystifying  to 
the  habitual  readers  of  Paul  Pry  or  The  Huntress. 
Here  is  one  of  Mrs.  Stack's  selections  which  is  typical 
of  her  taste  as  well  as  of  her  christian  character: 

"If  you  have  an  enemy  act  kindly  to  him  and 
make  him  your  friend.  You  may  not  win  him  over  at 
once,  but  try  again.  Let  one  kindness  be  followed  by 
another  until  you  have  accomplished  your  end.  By 
little  and  little  great  things  are  completed  and  even 
so  repeated  kindness  will  soften  the  heart  of  stone." 

Upon  her  mother 's  side,  Mrs.  Stack  was  descended 
from  the  celebrated  Chase  family  of  Maryland. 

Mrs.  Stack,  it  is  said,  was  tall,  thin,  and  angular. 
She  was  frequently  mistaken  for  her  employer  by 
persons  unacquainted  with  the  author  of  the  Black 
Books.  Mrs.  Royall  was  the  exact  opposite  of  Sally  in 
appearance,  being  short,  almost  dumpy.  Both  were 
exceedingly  quick  in  their  movements.  Mrs.  Royall 's 
very  blue  eyes,  it  is  said,  never  lost  their  brightness. 
Her  teeth,  too,  were  generally  remarked,  being  white 
and  hard  even  in  extreme  old  age.  She  laughed  much 
all  her  life. 

During  her  long  term  of  editorship  Mrs.  Royall 
lived  in  several  different  places  on  Capitol  Hill.  In 
1833,  she  announces  in  Paul  Pry.  "Mrs.  Royall  has 
removed  from  the  Bank  house,  to  a  short  distance  east 
of  the  Capitol  in  B,  between  First  and  Second,  two 
doors  from  the  corner  of  B  and  Second  street  in  a 
new  two-story  brick. ' '     In  1838  she  moved  to  ' '  North 


ANNE  ROY  ALL  153 

B  and  Third  streets  — 150  yards  from  the  Vice-Pres- 
ident." 

Mrs.  Royall  gives  Van  Buren's  running  mate, 
Richard  M.  Johnson,  a  good  character.  She  declares : 
"A  better,  pleasanter  neighbor  I  never  had."  One 
day  the  Vice-President  helped  her  to  catch  a  hen. 
At  that  time,  it  will  be  remembered,  fashionable 
Washington  lived  east  instead  of  west  of  the  Capitol. 
After  a  good  many  migrations,  in  a  sort  of  circle 
around  the  Capitol,  Mrs.  Royall,  in  her  extreme  old 
age,  moved  back  to  her  favorite  dwelling  (the  one  in 
which  she  died)  on  B  street  near  Second  —  a  spot 
now  included  in  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the 
grounds  of  the  Library  of  Congress.  It  was  a  pleas- 
ant spot  shaded  by  trees.  There  was  a  well  of  ex- 
cellent water  in  the  yard  and  connected  with  the 
house  was  a  good-sized  shed  in  which,  she  says,  "I 
kept  my  pet  hens."  The  hens  gave  her  a  good  deal 
of  trouble,  but  they  also  brought  her  consider- 
slJ*  pleasure  in  their  suggestion  of  that  country- 
life  she  ?50  well  loved.  Toward  the  last,  it  would 
seem,  her  printing  was  done  in  another  house  not  far 
from  her  dwelling-place  under  the  direction  of  a 
printer  named  John  Simmes.  The  picture  of  the 
environs  of  Washington  given  in  Paul  Pry  is  not  al- 
luring : 

"That  the  location  of  Washington  is  unhealthy 
cannot  be  denied,  the  principal  part  of  the  city,  Penn- 
sylvania avenue,  being  built  in  a  marsh  which  a  com- 
mon shower  overflows,  and  from  want  of  sewers  and 
proper  attention,  or  rather  no  attention  at  all,  it  is 
overspread  with  standing  puddles  of  water  from  year 's 
end  to  year's  end.     From  neglect  of  the  corporation, 


154  ANNE  ROYALL 

these  puddles,  as  well  as  the  gutters,  are  choked  up 
with  filth,  which  being  acted  upon  by  the  heat  of  the 
sun  becomes  green  and  putrid.  This  is  not  all.  The 
whole  of  the  flat  land  between  the  settled  part  of 
the  city  and  the  Potomac,  much  of  which  is  marsh, 
is  also  overspread  with  stagnant  pools  of  fetid  water. 
In  consequence  of  a  greater  fall  of  rain  this  spring 
than  common,  the  tide  of  the  Tiber,  flowing  into  these 
ditches,  or  as  they  are  called,  canals,  and  brick-holes, 
we  have  a  better  prospect  than  was,  perhaps,  ever 
known  in  the  city  for  bilious  attacks.  Over  and  above, 
there  is  a  great,  oblong,  deep  hole  from  which  the 
earth  has  been  scooped  out  in  years  past  intended  for, 
and  called,  a  canal,  but  which  has  been  the  receptacle 
for  dead  dogs,  cats,  puppies  and,  we  grieve  to  add, 
of  infants.  This  also  contains  green,  stinking  water 
which  has  accumulated  for  years,  and  doubtless  has 
been  the  cause  of  annual  bilious  fever  since  this  death- 
ditch,  called  a  canal,  was  dug." 

In  the  columns  of  both  her  papers  Mrs.  Royall 
fought  for  a  cleaner  Washington  as  constantly,  stren- 
uously, and  warningly  as  if  she  had  known  about 
germs  and  the  deadly  peril  of  the  mosquito.  She 
also  advised  people  to  keep  fires  in  their  sleeping- 
rooms  at  least  a  portion  of  every  day  the  year  around. 
"Our  Congressmen,"  she  says,  "are  too  valuable  to 
be  killed  off  as  rapidly  as  they  are  by  the  unsanitary 
conditions  here  at  the  capital  city." 

The  Paul  Pry  was  a  hopelessly  amateur  little 
sheet.  It  was  also,  undeniably,  censorious  and  such 
a  journal  becomes,  after  a  little,  as  tiresome  as  a 
scolding  person.  Nevertheless,  scolding  in  print  has 
done  much  good  in  the  world.  In  fact,  modern  jour- 
nalism, beginning  with  the  satirical  political  pam- 
phlet, took  its  rise  in  scolding.     Anne  Royall's  news- 


ANNE  ROYALL  155 

papers  should  not  be  judged  by  the  enlightened  stand- 
ards of  the  best  modern  journalism,  but  by  comparison 
with  other  minor  sheets  of  her  own  day.  In  the 
United  States  of  that  time,  the  average  newspaper 
was  little  more  than  a  bitterly  partisan  pamphlet. 
In  manners  Paul  Pry  is  but  a  rather  poor  imitation 
of  its  abler  compeers.  Not  until  the  Atlantic  cable 
spelled  the  word  WORLD,  writ  large,  did  American 
journalism  cease  to  be  ungracefully  and  aggressively 
provincial. 

Mrs.  Royall  has  often  been  referred  to  as  the 
first  woman-editor  in  the  United  States.  She  was 
not.  Half  a  dozen  other  women  preceded  her.  None 
of  the  others,  however,  remained  in  the  newspaper 
business  long.  Only  one  other,  Frances  Wright,  a 
young  English  woman  residing  in  America,  as  boldly 
defied  current  theology  and  public  opinion.  Miss 
Wright  foresaw  an  ideal  Republic.  Mrs.  Royall  be- 
lieved that  the  present  Republic  might  be  perfect  if 
a  few  schemers  could  be  made  to  keep  their  hands  off. 
It  was  never  the  future  ideal  —  it  was  always  the 
now  and  here  which  claimed  Anne  Royall's  energetic 
attention. 

During  the  long  period  in  which  Mrs.  Royall 
edited  a  paper,  the  United  States  was  dominated  by 
a  single  personality  —  ANDREW  JACKSON.  In 
vain  did  academicians  and  able  statesmen  point  out 
Jackson 's  faults  —  his  narrowness,  his  violent  temper, 
his  prejudice,  and  lack  of  education.  In  vain  they 
dwelt  upon  and  blazoned  forth  his  thousand  mistakes, 
his  aggressiveness,  and  his  high-handed  assumption 
of  legislative  and  executive  powers  never  granted,  and 


156  ANNE  ROYALL 

never  meant  to  be  granted,  by  the  Constitution  to  any 
President.  The  masses  heeded  not  such  cavil,  for  the 
people  —  the  great  American  people  —  admired  and 
idolized  Andrew  Jackson  as  they  had  never  before, 
and  have  not  since,  until  the  present  day,  admired  and 
idolized  any  other  President. 

Perhaps  the  reason  for  this  widespread  idolatry 
(north,  east,  south  and  west  it  extended)  lies  in  the 
fact  that  Andrew  Jackson  almost  perfectly  represented 
the  majority  of  Americans  of  his  day.  They  rejoiced 
in  courage.  Andrew  Jackson's  name  was  a  synonym 
for  personal  bravery.  They  respected  honesty.  An- 
drew Jackson  was  grandly  honest.  They  worked  for 
their  bread.  Andrew  Jackson  felt  himself  above  no 
man;  his  hand  was  outstretched  in  cordial,  heartfelt 
greeting  to  every  son  and  daughter  of  toil.  Ameri- 
cans, in  spite  of  their  Puritan  traditions,  held  a  lurk- 
ing belief  in  luck.  Andrew  Jackson's  "star"  never 
deserted  him.  Two  successful  wars  had  left  Amer- 
icans quite  convinced  that,  with  Andrew  Jack- 
son's help,  they  could  whip  the  universe.  He 
held  the  same  opinion.  The  people  hated  Eng- 
land—  their  hereditary  foe.  So  did  Andrew  Jack- 
son. Early  Americans  were  impatient  of  red-tape. 
Setting  aside  diplomatic  traditions,  Jackson  took  the 
people  into  his  confidence  at  every  critical  turn  of 
national  affairs  —  and  the  people  responded  as  only 
an  Anglo-Saxon  people  can  respond  to  such  high  con- 
fidence. The  people  hated  and  feared  the  fast-en- 
croaching monopoly  of  the  United  States  Bank.  Jack- 
son freed  them  from  it.  That  paragraph  —  potential- 
ly the  most  important  paragraph  ever  penned  by  any 


ANNE  ROYALL  157 

President  of  the  United  States  —  advocating  a  square 
deal  for  every  citizen,  rich  or  poor,  worked  widely 
and  powerfully.  Upon  that  famous  paragraph  Anne 
Royall,  along  with  a  host  of  abler  journalists,  built 
her  editorial  creed.     Said  Jackson: 

"Distinctions  in  Society  will  always  exist  under 
every  just  Government.  Equality  of  talents,  of  edu- 
cation or  of  wealth  cannot  be  produced  by  human 
institutions.  In  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  gifts  of 
heaven  and  the  fruits  of  superior  industry,  economy 
and  virtue,  every  man  is  equally  entitled  to  protection 
by  law.  But  when  the  laws  undertake  to  add  to  these 
natural  and  just  advantages  artificial  distinctions,  to 
grant  titles,  gratuities  and  exclusive  privileges,  to 
make  the  rich  richer  and  the  potent  more  powerful, 
the  humble  members  of  society,  the  farmers,  mechanics 
and  laborers  who  have  neither  the  time  nor  the  means 
of  securing  like  favors  to  themselves,  have  a  right  to 
complain  of  the  injustice  of  their  Government.  Its 
evils  exist  only  in  its  abuses.  If  it  would  confine 
itself  to  equal  protection  and,  as  heaven  does  its  rains, 
shower  its  favors  alike  on  the  high  and  the  low,  the 
rich  and  the  poor,  it  would  be  an  unqualified  blessing. ' ' 

In  Andrew  Jackson's  time  the  popular  heart 
throbbed  with  the  consciousness  of  achievement.  The 
people  knew,  not  from  tradition,  but  by  ties  of  kindred 
and  by  personal  experience,  what  the  upbuilding  of 
the  Republic  had  cost  in  blood  and  tears  and  treasure. 
A  proud  sense  of  ownership  was  dominant  in  the  pub- 
lic mind.  Every  citizen,  to  the  remotest  corner  of 
the  remotest  village,  felt  that  he  had  a  word  to  say 
about  the  government  of  his  country.  That  spirit 
was  fine,  as  eternally  fine  as  the  most  beautiful  thing 
America  has  to  show  today  —  the  statue  of  Liberty 


158  ANNE  ROYALL 

holding  aloft  her  torch  at  the  entrance  of  New  York 
harbor.  Nevertheless,  the  earlier  manifestations  of 
the  spirit  of  American  patriotism  were  often  unpleas- 
ing,  even  intensely  disagreeable.  M.  Tocqueville  re- 
marks with  considerable  truth: 

"For  the  last  fifty  years  no  pains  have  been 
spared  to  convince  the  United  States  that  they  consti- 
tute the  only  enlightened,  religious,  and  free  people. 
They  perceive  that,  for  the  present,  their  democratic 
institutions  succeed  while  those  of  other  countries  fail ; 
hence  they  conceive  an  overweening  opinion  of  their 
superiority,  and  they  are  not  very  remote  from  be- 
lieving themselves  to  belong  to  a  distinct  race  of  man- 
kind." 

This  national  self-satisfaction  which  M.  Tocque- 
ville satirizes  showed  itself  in  nearly  every  American 
newspaper  of  Anne  Royall's  time.  For  that  matter, 
no  fowl  in  all  the  journalistic  barn-yard  crowed  more 
loudly  and  lustily  than  little  Paul  Pry.  Nevertheless, 
Mrs.  Royall  always  retained  the  French  sentiments 
she  had  imbibed  from  her  husband's  mind.  The 
word  "Humanity"  meant  much  more  to  her  than  it 
meant  to  most  American  writers  of  her  day. 

Paid  Pry  was  generally  counted  a  Jackson  paper 
owing  to  the  fact  that  Mrs.  Royall  ardently  supported 
many  of  Jackson's  acts.  In  some  measures,  though, 
she  vehemently  opposed  him.  His  Indian  policy  she 
abhorred.  The  truth  is,  Paul  Pry  was,  emphatically, 
what  it  professed  to  be,  an  ' '  independent  newspaper ' ' 
—  the  most  unvaryingly  independent  newspaper,  with- 
out doubt,  ever  published  in  the  United  States.  It 
may  be  more  than  suspected  that,  after  all,  Mrs. 
Royall's  main  reason  for  starting  a  newspaper  was  to 


ANNE  ROYALL  159 

flaunt  her  independence  in  the  faces  of  her  late  ac- 
cusers, the  Evangelicals.  Mrs.  Royall  was  determined 
to  speak  her  mind  and,  having  a  very  good  mind  en- 
tirely made  up  on  most  questions,  she  did  speak  it 
during  the  remainder  of  her  long  life  through  the 
columns  of  her  newspapers. 

At  the  time  Anne  Royall  launched  her  powder- 
laden  little  cockle-shells  upon  the  rough  sea  of  Amer- 
ican journalism  big  political  craft  were  anchored  at 
Washington.  General  Duff  Green,  editor  of  the 
United  States  Telegraph,  was  printer  to  Congress. 
When  the  breach  between  President  Jackson  and  Vice- 
President  Calhoun  became  wide  Green  sided  with  Cal- 
houn. Through  the  influence  of  Amos  Kendall,  a  new 
paper  was  started  as  the  direct  organ  of  the  admin- 
istration, the  Globe,  under  the  superb  leadership  of 
Francis  P.  Blair,  assisted  by  Amos  Kendall  and  the 
able  John  C.  Rives.  The  latter  was  Blair's  business 
partner.  The  Globe  became  the  most  powerfully 
trenchant  party-organ  this  country  has  ever  produced. 
There  was  another  great  paper  in  Washington  at  this 
time,  The  National  Intelligencer,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Joseph  Gales  and  William  Seaton.  Through- 
out many  years  the  editors  of  the  Intelligencer  showed 
Mrs.  Royall  much  personal  kindness.  The  one  great 
blot  on  Paul  Pry  is  its  editor's  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  be  witty  at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Gales  to  whom  (in 
silly  imitation  of  a  vulgar  journalistic  custom  of  the 
day)  she  constantly  referred  as  "Josy"  or  "Jo — ee." 
Mrs.  Royall 's  conscience  was  deservedly  troubled  over 
this  piece  of  impertinence  to  a  good  man  who  had 
many  times  befriended  her.     She  took  much  pains  to 


160  ANNE  ROYALL 

explain,  later,  that  she  was  not  fighting  Mr.  Gales, 
personally,  but,  instead,  the  pro-Bank  policy  of  his 
paper.  She  says :  "I  should  be  a  traitor  to  my  coun- 
try if  I  let  my  gratitude  for  personal  favors  keep 
me  from  attacking  the  editor  of  the  Intelligencer  as 
the  author  of  sentiments  which  spell  R-U-I-N  for  this 
nation." 

Toward  these  big  papers,  Paul  Pry  acted,  much 
of  the  time,  as  a  persistent  little  gad-fly.  The  facts 
that  Paul  Pry  was  a  small  sheet  and  its  editor  a  wom- 
an, one,  too,  generally  discredited  in  evangelical  cir- 
cles, kept  the  larger  papers  from  openly  noticing  the 
little  journal's  stings.  Once  the  Intelligencer  sar- 
castically congratulated  Mr.  Blair  on  having  gained 
Mrs.  Royall  as  an  ally  in  his  fight  against  the  Bank. 
The  great  editor  of  the  Globe  took  all  Mrs.  Royall 's 
sharp-pointed  shafts  good-naturedly  —  much  more 
good-naturedly,  it  must  be  confessed,  than  Amos  Ken- 
dall took  them.  Through  the  kind  courtesy  of  Francis 
P.  Blair's  grandson,  Montgomery  Blair,  Esq.,  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  I  am  permitted  to  quote  part  of 
a  letter  which  tells,  interestingly,  how  old  Mrs.  Royall 
took  dinner  with  the  bluff,  kind-hearted  President  of 
the  United  States.  The  chances  are  ten  to  one,  too, 
that  Andrew  Jackson  enjoyed  her  company.  This  let- 
ter also  gives  a  capital  picture  of  Washington  social 
life  under  Jackson 's  hospitable  administration.  From 
his  boarding  house,  Mr.  Blair  writes : 

"My  folks  get  on  here  pretty  well  considering 
that  we  have  got  into  a  horrid  boarding-house.  The 
people  are  good  enough  but  shockingly  dirty,  and  live 
so  miserably  that  we  are  half  starved.  I  have  prac- 
ticed all  the  skill  I  learned  from  you  on  the  road.     I 


ANNE  ROYALL  161 

bless  the  Irish  potato  with  his  russet  coat.  The  crack- 
er that  defies  pollution,  being  made  of  such  impene- 
trable stuff,  is  my  bread.  Rice,  which  shows  like 
snow  the  various  spots  that  have  been  soiled  and  en- 
ables me  to  avoid  them,  is  my  main  living.  I  am 
obliged  to  stand  this  dieting  until  Congress  is  over, 
when  I  shall  remove  to  Brown's  tavern.  I  believe  I 
have  passed  through  all  the  fashionable  scenes  this 
winter  'as  a  looker  on  in  Vienna.'  I  have  come  to 
the  settled  belief  that  there  was  never  at  any  time,  or 
in  any  country,  such  miserable  parade  labored  through 
under  the  pretence  of  seeking  pleasure.  It  is  all 
heartless  ostentation;  or,  as  Solomon  would  say,  Van- 
ity and  Vexation. 

"The  most  hospitable  host  (the  President)  com- 
monly invites  the  whole  city,  and  those  who  can't  get 
in  go  away,  and  as  fast  as  the  company  gets  sick 
of  being  wedged  in  a  phalanx,  and  enabled  to  extri- 
cate themselves  and  retreat,  the  house  is  thinned  so 
that  a  servant  is  able  to  pass  through  the  rabble  with 
a  waiter  of  trumpery  over  his  head.  This  refresh- 
ment is  something  like  that  of  Tantalus.  It  is  the 
tyranny  of  Caligula  who  sets  his  laws  so  high  that 
nobody  could  reach  them.  So  fashion  puts  its  good 
things  out  of  reach.  At  these  parties  they  sometimes 
try  to  dance,  but  it  puts  me  in  mind  of  a  Kentucky 
fight,  when  the  crowd  draws  the  circle  so  close  that 
the  contestants  have  no  room  to  use  their  limbs.  They 
have,  however,  four  and  twenty  fiddlers  all  in  a  row, 
trying  by  dint  of  loud  music  to  put  amateurs  in 
motion.  They  jump  up  and  down  in  a  hole,  and  no- 
body sees  more  of  them  than  their  heads.  Oh,  how 
unlike  the  free  space  we  have  in  Kentucky  and  the 
life  of  Crockett 's  music  !  Let  me  dance  with  my  big- 
footed  Bensonians  under  a  Fourth  of  July  arbour. 
....  I  have  formed,  I  think,  a  pretty  just  opinion 
of  the  head  men  in  our  administration.     It  is  a  great 


162  ANNE  ROYALL 

mistake  to  think  that  Old  Hickory  is  in  leading-strings, 
as  the  coalition  say. 

"I  can  tell  you  that  he  is  as  much  superior  here 
as  he  was  with  our  Generals  during  the  war.  He  is 
a  man  of  admirable  judgment.  I  have  seen  proof  of 
it  in  the  direction  he  has  given  to  affairs  this  winter, 
in  which  I  know  he  differed  from  his  advisers;  and 
there  are  other  measures  which  he  adopted,  against 
the  opinions  of  those  who  are  supposed  to  have  con- 
trol, that  have  already  proved  the  superiority  of  his 
judgment.  He  is  fighting  a  great  political  battle,  and 
you  will  find  he  will  vanquish  those  who  contend  with 
him  now  as  he  has  always  done  his  public  or  private 
enemies.  I  like  him  much  better  than  any  other  per- 
son with  whom  I  have  become  connected  by  my  trans- 
lation here.  He  is  very  much  like  old  Scott.  Benev- 
olent and  kind  to  a  fault  to  those  he  loves;  frank, 
affectionate  and  full  of  hospitable  feeling.  In  this 
last,  he  goes  beyond  our  old  Kentucky  G-eneral. 

"Old  Mrs.  Royall  called  in  the  other  day  with 
one  of  her  books  to  present  it  to  him.  When  she 
opened  the  budget  he  saw  a  partridge  in  the  feathers 
she  had  bought  for  her  dinner.  He  invited  her  in 
and  the  poor  old  crazy  woman  made  a  hearty  meal 
with  him.  When  he  told  me  the  story  I  observed 
carelessly  that  I  was  as  hungry  as  Mrs.  Royall,  having 
been  busy  in  one  of  the  public  offices  at  dinner  time. 
Upon  this,  he  had  a  very  good  dinner  prepared  for 
me,  against  all  my  protestations,  saying  he  had  made 
it  a  rule  all  his  life  that  nobody  should  ever  go  out 
of  his  house  hungry,  and  I  was  obliged  to  comply 
with  this  rule. 

"When  he  talks  about  his  enemies  he  puts  me  in 
mind  also  of  old  Scott  when  he  spoke  of  Humphrey 
Marshall,  but  I  have  remarked  that  he  does  not  level 
his  indignation  at  Clay,  but  at  those  who  take  sneaking 
advantages. 


ANNE  ROYALL  163 

"You  may  rely  upon  it  he  is  as  good  a  patriot 
as  ever  breathed  and  as  much  a  democrat  as  your 
humble  servant.     Gratz  would  call  him  a  Jacobin. ' ' 

The  tone  of  compassionate  tolerance  toward  ' '  poor 
old  Mrs.  Royall"  used  by  Mr.  Blair  is  characteristic 
of  all  the  editors  of  secular  papers  of  the  time.  Mr. 
Blair  had  not  been  in  Washington  long.  He  had 
heard  of  Mrs.  Royall's  trial  as  a  common  scold.  He 
had  seen  her  bobbing  around  in  the  Capitol,  wearing 
her  funny  mob-cap.  He  had  probably  witnessed  a 
word-encounter  between  her  and  some  "missionary," 
and  the  natural  inference  he  drew  was  that  the  old 
lady  was  "cracked."  As  a  matter  of  fact,  though, 
Anne  Royall's  mind  remained  keen  as  a  razor  to  the 
day  of  her  death  —  twenty-two  years  after  the  White 
House  incident  so  sympathetically  described  by  the 
famous  editor  of  the  Globe. 

Mrs.  Royall  describes  Francis  P.  Blair  pretty 
well: 

"THE  GLOBE.  It  has  been  seen  that  a  new 
paper  of  this  name  has  recently  been  established  in 
the  city  of  Washington,  and  from  what  I  have  seen 
of  the  paper  so  far,  I  am  pleased  to  find  it  is  ably 
patronized.  Mr.  Blair,  the  editor,  is  a  high-minded, 
independent  and  enterprising  Kentuckian,  descended 
from  one  of  the  first  families  in  the  United  States, 
which  family  I  knew  well,  although  I  never  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  Mr.  Blair  until  I  saw  him  in  Wash- 
ington. 

"F.  P.  Blair,  Esq.,  is  rather  a  young  man  of  com- 
mon height,  good  figure  and  light  make,  with  a  thin, 
fair,  Grecian  face,  and  a  countenance  of  singular 
keenness  of  expression.  His  eye,  a  clear  blue  of  un- 
winking boldness,  is  a  two  edged  sword,  and  every 
feature  of  his  face  is  stamped  with  genius.     His  man- 


164  ANNE  ROYALL 

ners  are  plain,  frank  and  independent.  His  dress 
simple,  his  conversation  pointed  and  sensible,  and  be- 
speaks a  man  of  information.  He  is  a  keen,  fearless 
writer  and  for  the  sake  of  my  country,  I  am  pleased 
at  the  manly  and  decided  stand  he  has  taken  against 
the  United  States  Bank.  The  people  may  be  assured 
from  this  he  is  their  staunch  friend.  I  go  heart  and 
hand  with  him.  He  is  exactly  a  man  after  my  own 
heart;  he  is  for  his  country,  his  whole  country,  and 
nothing  but  his  country.  May  that  country  appre- 
ciate his  worth." 

Of  the  famous  leader  in  the  historic  struggle  for 
sound  currency  the  editor  of  Paul  Pry  says : 

"Though  we  are  not  an  admirer  of  Mr.  Benton's 
manners  by  any  means,  we  are  a  great  admirer  of  his 
talents.  No  language  that  we  are  mistress  of  can  give 
any  idea  of  his  reply  to  Mr.  Clay  on  the  Bank  Veto. 
Such  was  the  force  and  power  of  his  language  we  for- 
got he  was  a  man.  His  words  rolled  in  torrents,  min- 
gled with  thunder  and  lightning,  transfixing  the  lis- 
teners to  their  seats.  It  was  a  succession  of  electric 
shocks.  He  scattered  Mr.  Clay's  arguments  to  the 
winds  like  chaff.  Mr.  Clay  was  no  more  in  Mr.  Ben- 
ton's hands  than  a  kid  in  the  paws  of  a  lion.  He  was 
so  bold,  so  earnest  that  every  avenue  of  the  Capitol 
resounded. ' ' 

During  Mr.  Benton's  tremendous  speech  Mrs. 
Eoyall  stood  leaning  on  the  railing  exactly  behind  the 
chair  of  Henry  Clay,  with  whom  she  conversed  at 
intervals.  A  representative  of  the  Alexandria  Phoe- 
nix, a  pro-Bank  paper,  saw  possibilities  of  ridicule  of 
Benton  in  Mrs.  Royall's  vigorous  agreement  with  the 
speech.  Perhaps  such  a  possibility  was  suggested  to 
the  newspaper  man  by  Clay  himself,  although  with 
true  southern  chivalry  the  Kentucky  senator  turned 


ANNE  ROYALL  165 

to  Mrs.  Royall  and  asked  her  if  she  objected  to  having 
her  presence  noted.  She  replied  that  she  did  not  ob- 
ject.    The  Phoenix  says  sarcastically : 

"Surrounding  Mr.  B.  when  he  delivered  his  tre- 
mendous retributive  phillipic  under  which  Mr.  Clay 
sank,  were  Kendall,  Lewis,  etc.,  etc.,  and  the  amiable 
Mrs.  Royall.  The  kitchen  cabinet  backed  by  the  au- 
thoress of  the  Black  Book. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  denies  that  she  stood  near  Mr.  Benton 
but  insists  pluckily  that  the  gentlemen  named  would 
have  been  in  very  good  company  had  she  been  of  their 
group. 


CHAPTER  X 
Paul  Pry 

Editors  of  weekly  papers  all  over  the  country- 
sustained  a  sort  of  "hail  fellow,  well  met"  attitude 
toward  Mrs.  Royall,  poking  plenty  of  fun  at  her 
which  she  took  in  good  part.  Often,  indeed,  she 
adroitly  twisted  their  jokes  into  compliments  which 
she  copied,  as  such,  in  her  columns.  She  writes  ap- 
preciatively : 

"Editors  are  the  most  generous  and  feeling  class 
of  men  in  our  country  and  the  worst  rewarded  ac- 
cording to  their  deserts.  They  toil  at  the  oar  night 
and  day  to  improve,  amuse  and  instruct  mankind.  If 
it  were  not  for  editors  the  world  would  revert  back 
to  barbarism." 

One  editorial  admirer  wrote  an  acrostic  in  honor 
of  Mrs.  Royall : 

"Me  to  inspire  ye  sacred  nine, 

Rifle  your  treasures  —  clothe  each  line, 

Send  me  choice  flowers  to  gem  her  crown, 

And  give  my  favorite  fair  renown. 

No  heroine  more  brave  than  she, 

Nor  toil  nor  danger  doth  she  flee; 

Ever  prepared  to  take  the  field, 

Resistless  power  therein  to  wield. 

O,  may  Paul  Pry  with  Samson's  jaw 

Your  Pandemonium  smite  with  awe; 

And  the  Black  Books  give  rogues  their  due  — 

Lend  each  a  glass  his  crimes  to  view." 


ANNE  ROYALL  167 

Probably  her  attitude  toward  Masonry  had  much 
to  do  with  the  kind  feeling  of  many  papers  for  her. 
The  older  press  was  almost  solidly  Pro-Mason  in  char- 
acter. But  the  friendliness  of  the  secular  papers  was 
more  than  offset  by  the  virulence  of  the  Evangelical 
and  Anti-Masonic  organs.  The  following  extract  from 
The  New  England  Religious  Weekly  shows  that  all 
the  "blackguarding"  did  not  come  from  Anne's  side 
of  the  firing  line : 

"Anne  Royall,  Esq. — Mistress  Anne  Royall,  au- 
thor of  the  Black  Books  and  sundry  other  blackguard 
publications,  has  forgotten  her  late  conviction  by  a 
jury  of  being  a  common  scold  and  public  nuisance,  and 
is  now  applying  herself  to  her  old  vocation  with  all 
the  virulence  of  a  Meg  Merrilies.  The  old  hag  pub- 
lishes a  weekly  paper  at  "Washington,  ycleped  the 
Paul  Pry,  which  is  a  strong  Jackson  print  and  con- 
tains all  the  scum,  billingsgate  and  filth  extant." 

"Wonder  in  what  part  of  the  Bible  he  found 
that?"  is  Mrs.  Royall 's  comment  upon  this  unflatter- 
ing picture  of  herself  and  her  paper. 

During  the  Jackson  era  sharp  pens  were  in  great 
demand  on  both  sides.  Once  Mrs.  Royall  was  offered 
two  thousand  dollars  for  the  silence  of  Paul  Pry  on 
a  certain  question.  She  was  poor  —  often  to  the  point 
of  hunger  and  cold  and  nakedness.  But  she  refused 
the  bribe.  She  says,  "Some  people  think  we  write 
for  pay,  and  so  we  do,  but  we  are  not  an  hireling 
writer. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall  gave  strong  approval  to  the  Jack- 
sonian  policy  of  "turning  the  rascals  out,"  for  she 
believed,  and  had  good  reason  for  so  believing,  that 


168  ANNE  ROYALL 

long  tenure  of  office  usually  resulted  in  arrogance 
and  petty  tyranny: 

"You  say  that  Mr.  Sweeny,  a  very  honest  man, 
has  been  in  the  post  office  for  twenty  years.  Then 
it  was  time  for  Mr.  Somebody  Else  who  has  been  out 
of  the  post  office  for  twenty  years  to  take  his  place. 
So  of  all  these  twenty  years  men.  Our  people,  so  far 
as  they  have  failed  to  turn  out  these  incompetent  old 
incumbents,  have  proved  themselves  unworthy  of  the 
trust  reposed  in  them." 

In  a  long  editorial,  Mrs.  Royall  argues  that  there 
exists  no  valid  reason  why  a  salaried,  practically  de- 
pendent class  should  be  fastened  on  the  government 
for  life.  The  more  persons  who,  by  actual  service, 
learn  the  science  of  government,  the  better  citizens 
we  shall  have,  she  preached. 

Mrs.  Royall 's  repeated  assertion  that  she  never 
meddled  with  politics  had  just  about  as  much  founda- 
tion in  fact  as  Anthony  Absolute's  declaration  that 
he  was  "calm."  From  the  first  number  of  Paul  Pry 
to  the  last  issue  of  The  Huntress,  almost  a  quarter 
of  a  century  afterward,  there  was  not  a  single  political 
battle  fought  in  Washington  about  which  Anne  Royall 
did  not  have,  or  rather,  fling,  her  say.  She  hit,  too, 
with  uncommon  frequency,  and  always  near  the  bull's 
eye.  Her  pages  contain  much  to  offend  a  critical 
literary  taste,  much  that  her  admirers  could  wish  had 
never  been  printed.  But,  liked  or  disliked,  her  bit- 
terest enemies  must  admit  that  her  editorial  and  other 
utterances  never  lacked  point. 

Twentieth  century  Americans  know  little,  and 
care  little,  more's  the  pity,  about  the  economic  bat- 
tles which,  quite  as  truly  as  gun-powder  encounters, 


ANNE  ROY  ALL  169 

have  made  their  country  great.  It  would  seem  to  be 
high  time  that  text-books  of  United  States  history- 
should  describe,  clearly  and  at  length,  the  great  fight 
for  sound  money  led  by  Andrew  Jackson,  with  the 
masses  at  his  back,  against  the  powerful  United  States 
Bank  —  the  octopus  trust  of  his  day.  Adult  special 
students,  of  course,  may  find  and  read  scores  of  books 
about  this  mighty  struggle.  But  the  majority  of  the 
persons  who  exercise  the  right  of  suffrage  will  never 
be  special  students  of  United  States,  or  any  other, 
history.  A  democratic  government,  for  its  own  pres- 
ervation, should  catch  its  voters  young. 

The  enormous  power  possessed  by  the  Bank  of 
the  United  States  is  well  summed  up  by  Parton  in  his 
admirable  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson : 

"At  the  beginning  of  the  administration  of  Gen- 
eral Jackson  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  was  a 
truly  imposing  institution.  Its  capital  was  thirty- 
five  millions.  The  public  money  deposited  in  its 
vaults  averaged  six  or  seven  millions ;  its  private  de- 
posits six  millions  more;  its  circulation  twelve  mil- 
lions; its  discounts  more  than  forty  millions  a  year; 
its  annual  profits  more  than  three  millions.  Beside 
the  parent  Bank  at  Philadelphia  with  its  marble  pal- 
ace and  hundreds  of  clerks,  there  were  twenty-five 
branches  in  the  towns  and  cities  of  the  Union,  each 
of  which  had  its  President,  cashier  and  Board  of  Di- 
rectors. The  employees  of  the  Bank  were  more  than 
five  hundred  in  number,  all  men  of  standing  and  in- 
fluence, and  liberally  salaried.  In  every  county  of  the 
Union,  in  every  nation  on  the  globe,  were  stock-holders 
of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  One  fifth  of  its 
stock  was  held  by  foreigners.  One  fourth  of  its  stock 
was  held  by  women,  orphans,  and  trustees  of  charity 
funds  —  so  high,  so  unquestioned  was  its  credit.    From 


170  ANNE  ROYALL 

Maine  to  Georgia,  from  Georgia  to  Astoria,  a  man 
could  travel  and  pass  these  notes  without  discount. 
Nay,  in  London,  Paris,  Cairo,  Calcutta,  St.  Peters- 
burg, the  notes  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  were 
worth  a  fraction  more  or  a  fraction  less,  according  to 
the  rate  of  exchange.  They  could  usually  be  sold  at 
a  premium  at  the  remotest  commercial  centers.  It  was 
not  uncommon  for  the  stock  of  the  United  States  Bank 
to  be  sold  at  a  premium  of  forty  percent.  The  Di- 
rectors of  this  Bank  were  twenty-five  in  number  of 
whom  five  were  appointed  by  the  United  States.  The 
Bank  and  its  branches  received  and  disbursed  the 
entire  revenue  of  the  nation.  At  the  head  of  this 
great  establishment  was  the  renowned  Nicholas 
Biddle." 

Single-handed  and  alone,  long  before  Jackson 
actively  opposed  it,  plucky  old  Anne  Royall  took  up 
cudgels  against  this  great  monopoly.  In  her  Black  Book 
she  pilloried  one  of  the  foremost  bank  officials.  After- 
ward, Nicholas  Biddle  said  to  her  jestingly:  "Ah, 
Mrs.  Royall,  I  will  have  you  tried  for  your  life  for 
killing  my  President." 

Agitation  against  the  Bank  in  Jackson's  time  was 
begun  by  Isaac  Hill,  of  New  Hampshire,  in  a  political 
fight  with  Jeremiah  Mason,  a  famous  New  Hampshire 
lawyer,  and  president  of  the  branch  bank  at  Ports- 
mouth. Jackson  sided  with  Hill  in  the  conten- 
tion, and  every  message  sent  to  Congress  thereafter 
by  the  President  contained  veiled  or  open  threats 
against  the  United  States  Bank.  The  charter  of  the 
Bank  was  to  expire  in  four  years  but  its  friends, 
taking  alarm,  determined  to  ask  Congress  for  a  re- 
newal of  the  charter  ahead  of  time.  The  effort  was 
successful.     In    1832   a  bill   passed   both   houses   of 


ANNE  ROYALL  171 

Congress  renewing  the  charter  of  the  United  States 
Bank.  The  opposition  papers  declared  that  Jackson 
would  never  dare  to  veto  this  bill.  Little  Paul  Pry 
and  all  the  administration  organs  shrieked  that  he 
would.  Jackson  did  veto  the  bill  with  amazing 
promptness. 

Seldom  in  its  history  has  the  United  States  seen 
such  excitement  as  was  caused  by  President  Jackson's 
veto  of  the  Bank  bill.  The  people  were  wild.  Every- 
where the  working  men  and  women  rejoiced  as  if 
Utopia  were  before  them.  Bonfires  were  lighted  in 
every  public  square  and  on  hill-tops.  Bands  played. 
Congratulatory  speeches  were  made  and  much  good 
rum  was  drunk.  Anne  Royall  expressed  the  feelings 
and  the  opinion  of  thousands  when  under  a  big,  black 
eagle  on  the  first  page  of  Paul  Pry,  she  declared, 
"President  Jackson  has  placed  himself  on  the  highest 
pinnacle  of  honor  by  this  courageous  veto." 

But  the  stock-holders  of  the  Bank  did  not  rejoice. 
The  smallest  fish  were  not  too  small  for  an  angry  trust 
to  notice.  Even  old  Mrs.  Royall  and  her  funny  little 
newspaper  were  marked  for  revenge.  The  few  shreds 
of  reputation  which  the  Evangelicals  and  the  Anti- 
Masons  had  left  the  editor  of  Paul  Pry  were  soon  torn 
to  pieces  by  friends  of  the  mortally  wounded  Bank. 
She  even  suffered  physically  for  the  cause  of  sound 
money.  A  man  who  was,  probably,  a  crazy  stock- 
holder, assaulted  her  by  hitting  her  on  the  head  as 
she  was  standing  in  the  post  office  of  a  southern  town. 
She  says:  "Only  the  fact  that  I  had  on  a  heavily 
wadded  bonnet,  which  I  had  purchased  once  when  I 
thought  of  traveling  in  Canada,  saved  my  life." 


172  ANNE  ROY  ALL 

The  Paul  Pry  did  good  service  for  other  causes, 
notably  fighting  a  proposed  law  to  stop  the  transporta- 
tion of  mail  on  Sunday,  and  also  against  threatened 
nullification  of  the  tariff  laws.  Possibly  Mrs.  Royall  is 
the  only  woman  in  the  United  States  who  ever  under- 
stood the  ins  and  outs  of  any  tariff  legislation.  She 
advocated  a  middle  course  —  urging  England  to  be 
less  greedy  and  warning  the  South  not  to  become  hys- 
terical. In  a  capital  editorial,  too  long  to  quote  en- 
tire, she  scores  and  advises  both  sides: 

"We  see  now,  as  heretofore,  the  same  hostility  to 
the  peace  and  happiness  of  the  Union,  for  both  the 
High  Tariff  men  and  the  Nullifiers,  to  carry  their 
point,  would  see  the  Union  rent  into  atoms.  A  down- 
east  man  is  in  tears  over  woolens. ' '  She  then  goes  on 
to  dissect  the  arguments  for  a  better  tariff  on  flannel 
put  forward  by  the  "down  east"  man.  From  him 
she  turns  her  attention  to  the  Nullifiers  who  have 
seriously  proposed  marching  to  the  factories  of  the 
north  with  guns  in  their  hands.  "This  sort  of  Nul- 
lification talk,"  she  says,  "is  silly  —  the  result  of 
money,  tract,  baby-cap  and  pin-cushion  religion.  It 
is  wholly  without  reason."  Next,  she  calmly  discuss- 
es the  bill  at  that  time  before  Congress.  She  con- 
cludes : 

' '  The  hackneyed  clause  '  Congress  shall  have  pow- 
er to  regulate  foreign  commerce'  is  always  rung.  We 
ask  the  gentleman  what  he  thinks  of  another  clause  in 
the  Constitution,  viz :  There  shall  be  no  unequal  tax- 
ation, or  words  to  that  effect.  We  have  to  say  this 
of  the  Constitution,  that  if  it  allows  interested  men  to 
vote  great  sums  of  money  out  of  other  people 's  pockets 
into  their  own  it  is  very  deficient." 


ANNE  ROYALL  173 

Access  to  the  White  House  seems  to  have  been 
dangerously  easy  in  Jackson's  time.  Mrs.  Royall 
writes  : 

"Making  a  few  calls  on  our  friends  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  President  last  Wednesday,  we  called  in 
to  offer  him  our  congratulations  on  his  late  happy  es- 
cape from  the  assassin,  Lawrence.  We  found  the 
door  open,  walked  in,  rang  for  the  porter  and  waited 
for  some  time  but  saw  nor  heard  no  person  excepting 
another  female  visitor.  The  President  will,  therefore, 
have  the  goodness  to  accept  our  congratulations 
through  this  channel." 

The  local  news  in  both  Paul  Pry  and  The  Hun- 
tress was  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  different 
departments  of  the  Government.  Mrs.  Royall  cer- 
tainly had  a  nose  for  graft.  She  made  frequent  tours 
through  the  state  department,  treasury,  post-office, 
and  other  public  buildings  "spotting"  corrupt  offi- 
cials who,  in  her  judgment,  ought  to  be  removed  for 
the  good  of  the  service.  Those  who,  in  addition  to 
being  dishonest,  as  she  believed,  were  pious  Anti- 
Masons  fared  hard  at  her  hands.  Judged  by  modern 
standards,  Mrs.  Royall 's  free  use  of  names  in  print 
is  abominable.  Her  coupling  many  of  these  names 
with  her  own  personal  grievances  is  a  still  greater 
offence  against  good  taste.  The  modern  reader  is 
continually  offended  by  these  flaws  in  Mrs.  Royall 's 
newspapers  no  less  than  in  her  books.  But  she  had 
plenty  of  company  in  her  journalistic  sins.  Files  of 
many  other  newspapers  of  the  same  barren  literary 
era  are  equally  distasteful,  and  far  less  amusing  read- 
ing. Every  page  of  Anne  Royall's  newspapers 
breathes  patriotism.       She  was  always  reproaching 


174  ANNE  ROY  ALL 

Washingtonians  with  their  lack  of  that  virtue.     July 
12,  1834,  she  writes  indignantly  in  Paul  Pry: 

1 1  It  will,  it  must  astonish  the  people  of  the  United 
States  that  this  anniversary  of  the  Fourth  of  July,  as 
well  as  last  year,  was  passed  over  in  this  city  with 
silent  contempt,  except  for  a  few  crackers  and  rockets 
here  and  there.  What  does  this  mean,  we  should  like 
to  know?  The  Intelligencer  makes  a  pitiful  apology 
for  this  neglect  of  our  sacred  day.  The  Globe  passes 
it  over  in  contemptuous  silence. 

' 'Not  a  city,  town  or  hamlet  in  the  Union  but  has 
testified  more  or  less  respect  for  this  day,  while  this 
'ten  mile  square'  has  not  taken  pains  to  conceal  its 
contempt.  That  there  is  a  plot  to  make  this  place 
the  seat  of  MONARCHY  or  of  a  HIERARCHY, 
which  you  please,  is  plain.  Hence,  they  want  to  wean 
the  people  from  even  the  semblance  of  independence. 
Yet  the  people  let  their  representatives  appropriate 
money  to  build  up  this  city." 

Amusingly  fanatical,  perhaps,  but  Mrs.  Royall 
honestly  feared  all  the  dire  evils  that  she  prophesied 
as  likely  to  spring  from  ecclesiastical  and  Anti-Ma- 
sonic influence. 

Gradually,  though,  she  came  to  love  the  city  of 
Washington.  Year  by  year  she  grew  less  bitter. 
Pride  in  the  growth  of  the  capital  took  the  place  of 
her  former  suspicion  that  money  was  being  wasted 
in  beautifying  the  place. 

Although  a  painfully  amateur  sheet,  Paul  Pry 
mastered  one  great  lesson  of  newspaper  success.  It 
learned  to  blow  its  own  horn.  In  the  last  number, 
November  19,  1836,  just  after  the  election  of  Van 
Buren  as  Jackson's  successor,  its  editor  rehearses  at 


ANNE  ROYALL  175 

length  some  of  the  services  which  her  paper  has  per- 
formed for  the  country  at  large  and  for  Washington : 

"Always  in  the  van  of  the  editorial  corps,  and 
attacking  the  enemies  of  the  country  in  their  strong- 
holds, Paul  Pry  dragged  them  into  open  day,  and 
pointed  them  out  to  the  people.  Paul  Pry  was  the 
first  to  sound  the  note  of  alarm  that  there  were  traitors 
in  the  camp.  It  was  the  first  to  proclaim  the  aban- 
donment of  Reform  by  General  Jackson.  It  was  the 
first  to  discover  and  to  challenge  the  Post  Office 
frauds.  It  was  the  first  to  challenge  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  office-holders,  as  a  party,  at  the  Fourth 
of  July  celebration  at  Pittsburg  and  Brownsville,  in 
1833.  It  was  the  first  that  challenged  the  Indian 
land  frauds  of  the  great  land  companies,  and  the  per- 
fidy of  the  southern  Jackson  men  in  selling  the 
country  to  Mr.  Van  Buren  and  his  political  intriguers 
to  conceal  those  frauds.  Paid  Pry  was  the  first  to  put 
a  stop  to  the  enormous  swindling  of  a  knot  of  'God's 
people,'  as  they  call  themselves.  Millions  of  dollars 
were  swallowed  up  by  this  concern  (thank  God  for 
removing  two  of  them)  under  pretence  of  drawing 
money  for  corporation  debts  from  Congress.  Paul 
Pry  was  the  first  to  trace  these  pious  rogues  to  their 
den  and  drag  them  forth  (may  a  speedy  vengeance 
overtake  them)  to  the  light  of  day. 

' '  And  it  is  to  Paul  Pry  that  the  citizens  of  Wash- 
ington are  chiefly  indebted  for  the  last  act  of  Con- 
gress in  behalf  of  their  Holland  debt,  by  putting  it 

out  of  the  power  of  this  pious  and  his 

friends  to  finger  the  cash. 

"In  return,  we  are  proud  to  acknowledge  that 
the  citizens  of  Washington  have  ever  been  the  able, 
willing  and  untiring  friends  Of  Paul  Pry.  A  thou- 
sand years  of  service  of  ten  such  papers  to  such  people 
would  not,  nor  could  not  repay  them.  The  editress 
has  only  to  say  that  if  the  people  will  do  their  duty 
to  themselves  as  faithfully  as  has  been  done  by  them 


176  ANNE  ROYALL 

all  will  yet  be  well.  But  let  no  man  sleep  at  his  post. 
Remember,  the  office  holders  are  desperate,  wakeful 
and  urgent." 

Mrs.  Royall's  editorial  utterances  were  often 
stolen.  Even  a  late  two-volume  historical  work  quotes 
a  full  editorial  from  Paul  Pry  with  only  the  vague 
introduction,  "A  Washington  paper  of  the  time  said." 
The  author  of  this  same  historical  work  also  quotes, 
with  due  and  full  acknowledgement,  from  the  Globe 
and  the  Intelligencer,  of  Washington. 

Verily,  the  ghost  of  bigotry  walks  long!  Seven- 
ty-five years  have  passed,  and  yet  an  American  his- 
torian fears,  apparently,  that  he  may  detract  from 
the  dignity  of  his  book  by  openly  crediting  the  words 
that  vivify  his  description  to  the  woman  who  wrote 
them  —  a  woman  whose  sole  crime  was  that  she  cried 
out  (screamed  out,  termagant-like,  if  you  will)  to 
those  whom  she  honestly  believed  to  be  pharisees  and 
money-changers  defiling  the  temple  of  Liberty,  "Away 
with  ye,  hypocrites  and  thieves." 


CHAPTER  XI 
The  Huntress 

Through  the  mistakes  of  her  first  paper  Mrs. 
Royall  learned  to  edit  her  second  one  admirably.  The 
first  number  of  The  Huntress  was  issued  December 
2,  1836.  Until  extreme  old  age  impaired  Mrs.  Royall 's 
physical  strength  The  Huntress  remained  a  very 
sprightly  and  readable  paper,  always  excepting,  of 
course,  editorial  matter  distasteful  to  Anti-Masons  and 
to  persons  holding  strict  Calvanistic  views.  Owing, 
however,  to  the  widespread  horror  of  its  editor  among 
the  Evangelicals,  The  Huntress  was  never  much  of  a 
financial  success. 

Mrs.  Royall  started  out  on  new  and  improved 
lines.  The  first  page  of  the  little  newspaper  was 
devoted  to  purely  literary  matter  —  well-selected 
stories,  poems,  and  instructive  anecdotes.  Two  pages 
were  filled  with  lively  editorial  comment,  news,  and 
a  capital  joke  column.  The  remaining  sheet  was  fair- 
ly well  covered  with  advertisements. 

The  rancor  which  lay  behind  Paul  Pry  at  its 
inception  had  almost  wholly  disappeared,  as  far  as 
the  editor's  personal  grievances  went.  Mrs.  Royall 
now  felt  kindly  toward  the  city  of  Washington  al- 
though she  believed  the  capital  city  ought  to  be  farther 
west  and  prophesied  its  early  removal  thither.  One 
of  the  most  sympathetic  items  in  an  early  number  of 


178  ANNE  ROYALL 

The  Huntress  is  a  paragraph  of  congratulation  to 
Judge  Cranch  (the  presiding  Judge  at  Mrs.  Roy  all's 
trial,  it  will  be  remembered)  upon  his  recovery  from 
a  severe  illness.     She  adds: 

"Judge  Cranch 's  two  sons  are  fine  fellows.  One 
of  them  is  a  superior  artist.  It  is  a  disgrace  to  our 
country  that  these  two  young  men  should  remain  un- 
recognized. ' ' 

Looking  over  the  story-pages  of  The  Huntress  is 
like  entering  an  old  farmhouse  attic  hung  around  with 
bunches  of  sage,  catnip,  spearmint,  and  penny-royal 
—  sweet  homely  herbs  which,  in  Anne  Roy  all's  time, 
formed  the  materia  medica  of  many  an  American 
household.  Agnes  Strickland,  Frederika  Bremer, 
Miss  Mitford,  Grace  Greenwood,  Mrs.  Sigourney, 
Sarah  Jane  Hale,  are  a  few  of  the  names  that  bring 
to  the  elderly  reader  memories  almost  sacred.  Mrs. 
Hemans,  Alice  Cary,  N.  P.  Willis,  and  O.  W.  Holmes 
are  names  signed  to  many  of  the  poems  which  Mrs. 
Royall  copied  in  The  Huntress.  Mrs.  Malaprop,  Jack 
Downing,  and  Widow  Bedott  have  much  to  say.  Con- 
cerning the  latter,  Mrs.  Royall  asks,  "What  has  be- 
come of  the  Widow  Bedott  ?  He  who  has  delighted  the 
readers  of  the  Saturday  Gazette  ?  Can  he  not  get  up 
a  new  subject  in  nature's  finest  touches,  of  which  the 
table-talk  of  the  Widow  Bedott  is  the  truest  specimen 
extant?  These  articles  contain  the  most  perfect  paint- 
ing of  human  nature,  life  and  manners  we  ever  met 
with,  not  excepting  'Sam  Slick.'  " 

Mrs.  Royall  worshipped  the  rising  Dickens. 
' '  Sketches  from  Pickwick, "  "  Boz, "  and  "  Wellerisms ' ' 
head  many  a  column  of  The  Huntress.     Pen  portraits 


ANNE  ROYALL  179 

were  continued  in  The  Huntress,  especially  of  mem- 
bers of  Congress.  There  was  a  "Ladies'  Gallery" 
also.  Judging  by  Mrs.  Royall's  feminine  portraits 
there  was  not  a  single  ugly  woman  in  "Washington 
society.  The  following  is  a  specimen  of  her  pictures 
of  her  own  sex  as  shown  in  The  Huntress.  The  tribute 
is  wholly  sincere,  for  Mrs.  Jones,  wife  of  Senator  G. 
W.  Jones,  of  Iowa,  had  been  very  good  to  old  Mrs. 
Royall.  Tradition  says,  too,  that  the  account  of  the 
lady's  beauty  is  not  exaggerated. 

"MRS.  HON.  SENATOR  JONES. 

' '  Here  we  must  pause.  This  lady,  with  the  high- 
est accomplishments,  unites  a  flowing  figure  of  the 
De  Medicis  model.  She  is,  upon  every  account,  a 
splendid  woman.  Yet  her  style  of  beauty,  particular- 
ly the  eye  and  countenance  are  new  to  us.  We  some- 
times meet  with  traits  in  the  human  face  that  baffle 
the  English  language  and  can  only  be  reached  figur- 
atively. But  in  the  present  case  we  are  bankrupt. 
Mrs.  J.  is  very  young,  quite  a  girl,  tall  and  formed  as 
above  mentioned,  with  all  the  grace  and  dignity  of 
the  De  Medicis  sculpture.  Her  hair  is  black  as  the 
raven,  profuse  and  glossy.  Her  features  are  round 
in  contour,  of  the  most  becoming  harmony.  Her 
skin  is  fair  and  diffused  with  a  crimson  bloom, 
ornamented  with  dimples.  Her  bland  smooth  fore- 
head —  a  most  tranquil  brow  —  chaste  and  spotless 
as  the  downy  snow,  has  much  expression.  But  her 
eye  —  it  is  like  no  other.  It  is  large,  of  a  dark  hazel 
and  neither  sparkles  nor  glitters,  but  has  a  steady 
halo,  or  glow,  as  though  it  were  on  the  point  of  burst- 
ing into  a  magic  flame.  But  the  innocence,  the  shrink- 
ing modesty  and  the  imploring  kindness  of  those  eyes, 
that  countenance,  and  those  lady-like  manners,  we 
never  shall  forget." 


180  ANNE  ROY  ALL 

Never  in  her  portraits  of  ladies  does  Mrs.  Royall 
mention  their  clothes.  She  would  have  considered 
such  allusion  impertinent.  Neither  does  she  in  her 
newspapers  ever  take  the  slightest  notice  of  brilliant 
social  functions  such  as  fill  columns  nowadays.  A 
political  banquet  at  which  good  or  significant  speeches 
were  made  sometimes  claims  her  attention,  and  once 
she  quotes  sympathetically  a  description  of  a  picnic 
at  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  at  which  four  thousand  mill 
girls  were  entertained  by  the  owners  of  a  new  factory 
which  was  to  amaze  the  world  by  "using  several  hun- 
dred power  looms." 

The  Huntress,  like  its  predecessor,  Paul  Pry,  was 
an  independent  journal.     Its  editor  writes: 

"They  say,  'Why  not  take  one  side  or  the  other, 
Mrs.  R.,  and  stick  to  it?'  Not  so.  We  leave  party 
questions  in  better  hands  —  to  our  friends  of  the 
JJnion  and  the  Intelligencer  —  while  we  look  after  the 
great  enemy  of  our  country,  Despostism.  We  beg 
leave  to  state  once  for  all,  we  are  neither  Whig  nor 
Democrat  but  put  the  rod  to  both  when  we  think  they 
do  wrong." 

Mrs.  Royall  never  lost  her  reverence  for  the  press 
as  a  means  of  enlightenment.  The  motto  conspicu- 
ously displayed  on  the  first  page  of  The  Huntress  was 
a  line  from  Jefferson:  "Education,  the  main  pillar 
which  sustains  the  Temple  of  Liberty." 

A  newspaper's  chief  business,  according  to  Mrs. 
Royall,  was  to  educate  the  people  to  respect,  maintain, 
and  defend  free  government. 

Mrs.  Royall 's  personal  choice  for  President  as 
Jackson's  successor  was  Judge  White,  of  Tennessee. 
She  did  not  trust  Van  Buren.     She  writes:     "Mr. 


ANNE  ROYALL  181 

Van  Buren  is  obnoxious  to  all  parties  because  there 
is  no  dependence  to  be  placed  on  the  man.  He  is 
like  the  Irishman's  flea,  when  you  put  your  hand  on 
him  he  is  not  there." 

In  the  days  of  The  Huntress,  election  returns 
came  into  Washington  slowly.  In  the  issue  dated 
December  2,  1836,  she  says : 

"We  had  not  received  all  the  returns  when  our 
paper  went  to  press  —  the  mails,  as  respects  the  peo- 
ple, are  dead.  The  general  opinion  was  that  the  office- 
holders and  General  Jackson  had  elected  their  candi- 
date, Van  Buren.  This  news  will  be  received  with 
great  indignation  by  the  people.  All  the  comfort  we 
have  for  them  is  to  keep  cool  for  the  present,  until  they 
can  gain  time  and  information,  upon  the  best  means 
to  rescue  their  country.  Meantime,  it  is  no  small 
gratification  to  us  that  in  four  cities  which  patronized 
the  EXTRA  PAUL  PRY  viz:  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  Harrisburg  and  Lancaster,  the  party  was  de- 
feated." 

Of  Van  Buren 's  message,  she  says,  "It  is  some- 
thing like  the  Indian 's  knife  — '  a  great  gewgaw  of  a 
handle,  no  blade  at  all,  almost.'  " 

But  Anne  Royall  knew  her  civic  duty.  "The 
office  of  President,"  she  says,  "should  make  any  man 
respected."  Very  soon,  therefore,  she  called  on  Pres- 
ident Van  Buren  at  the  White  House: 

"We  have  often  heard  it  stated  that  President 
Van  Buren  would  not  admit  visitors  to  his  house  un- 
less they  had  particular  official  business.  This  must 
be  erroneous.  We  found  not  half  so  much  difficulty 
as  we  sometimes  find  at  the  houses  of  common  citi- 
zens, or  as  we  have  sometimes  found  at  the  same  man- 
sion heretofore. 


182  ANNE  ROYALL 

"A  very  genteel  porter  answered  our  call,  and 
very  promptly  not  only  invited  us  in  but  upon  our 
saying  that  we  wished  to  see  the  President,  without 
announcing  us  at  all,  led  the  way  upstairs  saying, 
'Walk  up,  Madam.'  Upon  reaching  the  President's 
door  he  announced  us  for  the  first  time,  at  which  we 
were  somewhat  confused.  But  we  were  immediately 
admitted  and  found  Mr.  Van  Buren  well.  He  was 
alone  except  for  his  eldest  son,  his  private  secretary. 
Both  received  us  standing  and  with  the  same  easy 
courtesy  for  which  Mr.  Van  Buren  is  justly  distin- 
guished. After  chatting  a  few  minutes  and  exchang- 
ing reciprocal  good  wishes  for  each  other's  health  and 
happiness,  we  took  leave  much  pleased  with  our  visit.  " 

After  the  United  States  Bank  was  downed  United 
States  funds  were  distributed  among  favored  state 
banks.  A  troublesome  surplus  soon  accumulated 
which  Congress,  after  the  manner  of  some  later  Con- 
gresses, was  quite  willing  to  reduce  by  all  manner  of 
land  and  other  bills,  many  of  which  were  designed  to 
aid  corporate  interests.  Paper  money  flooded  the 
land.  Paper  banks  sprung  up  like  mushrooms  all 
over  the  country.  Legally,  the  public  money  placed 
in  the  different  state  banks  was  merely  loaned  to 
these  institutions.  Nevertheless,  most  states  regarded 
the  funds  thus  deposited,  practically  as  a  gift.  Nat- 
urally "distribution"  of  public  money,  was  extremely 
popular.  The  banks  speculated  wildly  with  these 
government  funds,  especially  in  buying  public  lands 
in  the  far  West.  A  few,  including  Jackson  himself, 
saw  the  danger  that  threatened  the  country  from  this 
unnatural  inflation  of  the  currency.  Accordingly,  a 
week  after  the  adjournment  of  a  refractory  Congress, 
President  Jackson  issued  his  famous  "Specie  Cireu- 


ANNE  ROYALL  183 

lar, ' '  the  full  results  of  which  were  not  felt  until 
Van  Buren's  administration.  This  circular  ordered 
all  land  commissioners,  after  a  certain  date,  to  accept 
only  gold  and  silver  in  payment  for  public  land.  A 
financial  crash  followed  which  reached  its  height  under 
Van  Buren  in  1837.  Distress  was  widespread.  Even 
Washington  city,  where  there  were  no  manufacturing 
interests  and  where  the  population  was  made  up  large- 
ly of  salaried  persons,  felt  the  panic  severely.  Mrs. 
Royall,  who  had  always  stood  for  sound  money,  writes 
of  the  local  situation: 

"THE  PROSPECT  BEFORE  US. 

"People  may  say  lo,  here,  and  lo,  there,  and  talk 
as  they  please  of  the  happiness  of  our  country  and  the 
fitness  of  our  Constitution  to  insure  peace  and  pros- 
perity—  but  we  see  distress  and  trouble  look  which 
way  we  will.  If  it  be  happiness  for  one  portion  of 
the  people  —  and  no  inconsiderable  portion  —  to  do 
all  the  labor  and  yet  suffer  for  the  necessaries  of  life, 
and,  in  many  cases,  after  laboring  hard  a  lifetime, 
perish  of  want  in  our  streets  or  in  the  poorhouse  (the 
same  thing)  while  another  portion  lives  idle,  dresses 
gay,  visits,  has  splendid  houses  and  furniture,  fine 
carriages,  and  every  luxury  for  the  table  that  money 
can  buy  —  if  it  be  happiness  and  prosperity  for  pro- 
visions to  be  out  of  the  reach  of  the  poor  and  indigent, 
then  we  are  prosperous.  Bacon  16  cents,  pork  10 
to  12  cents,  brown  sugar  14,  lard  14  to  18,  butter  3iy2 
to  40,  and  whilst  this  rise  in  provisions  is  as  sudden 
as  it  is  extraordinary  money  has  as  suddenly  disap- 
peared. This  is  the  case  in  Washington  and,  from 
the  best  information  we  are  able  to  obtain,  it  is  the 
case  generally,  and  starvation  stares  us  in  the  face. 
If  this  be  happiness,  then  we  are  a  happy  people.     So 


184  ANNE  ROYALL 

much  for  our  domestic  concerns.  This  is  accounted 
for  by  the  multiplication  of  banks  and  corporate 
concerns. ' ' 

A  certain  much-abused  Trust  is  evidently  older 
than  many  people  know.  An  editorial  in  The  Hun- 
tress deals  with  it : 

"THE  BEEF  MONOPOLY. 

"We  learn  from  undoubted  authority  that  one 
of  the  largest  beef-monopolies  of  the  South  last  week 
obtained  a  loan  exceeding  $40,000  from  one  of  our 
banks  to  enable  it  to  keep  up  the  price  of  cattle.  May 
the  beef  men  and  the  bank  men  be  crushed  to  atoms 
by  the  weight  of  their  own  enormities!" 

About  the  year  1837  the  cry  began  to  be  raised, 
"America  for  the  Americans."  The  feeling  against 
foreigners,  especially  against  Catholic  foreigners,  be- 
came intense.  Mrs.  Royall  looked  on  this  sentiment 
as  manufactured  and  fostered  by  the  Church  and 
State  party  —  a  clever  attempt  to  grasp  political  con- 
trol.    She  says : 

"A  Catholic  foreigner  discovered  America.  Cath- 
olic foreigners  first  settled  it.  Then  foreigners  of  all 
denominations  came  over  and  settled  the  new  country. 
Some  came  at  one  time  and  some  at  another  —  they 
have  been  coming  ever  since.  When  the  colonies  were 
about  to  be  enslaved,  foreigners  rescued  it.  Mean- 
time, we  beg  leave  to  say  that  the  day  may  come  when 
it  may  be  dangerous  to  permit  foreigners  to  emigrate 
to  this  country  but  that  day,  we  believe,  is  far  distant 
—  a  thousand  years,  perhaps. 

"At  present,  we  verily  believe,  that  the  liberty 
of  this  country  is  in  more  danger  from  this  native 
combination  than  from  foreigners  and  it  is  as  clear  to 
our  view  as  the  hand  before  our  face,  that  the  object 
of  this  native  association  is  to  establish  a  despotic 


ANNE  ROYALL  185 

power.  The  outcry  of  these  natives  arises  from  the 
well  known  fact  that  they  dread  foreigners  as  an 
unsurmountable  obstacle  to  the  accomplishment  of 
their  treacherous  plot." 

During  the  campaign  of  1844  which  ended  in  the 
election  of  James  K.  Polk  as  President,  Mrs.  Royall 
had  an  associate  editor  who  managed  a  poetical-politi- 
cal supplement  at  his  own  expense.  Mrs.  Royall  al- 
ways washed  her  hands  of  poetry.     She  says: 

1 '  The  poetical  articles  which  appear  in  this  paper 
this  week  are  the  productions  of  the  assistant  editor. 
His  club-offer,  etc.,  (in  another  column)  is  totally  in- 
dependent of  the  regular  circulation  and  is  done  to 
gratify  the  lovers  of  songs,  etc.  It  is  a  speculation 
of  his  own  which,  for  his  sake,  we  hope  may  be  suc- 
cessful. ' ' 

Mr.  C.  W.  Fenton,  the  assistant  editor,  was  a 
Whig  of  the  most  pronounced  type.  Under  his  in- 
fluence the  little  Huntress  suddenly  broke  out  with 
startling  headlines: 

"A  RARE  CHANCE: 

''ORIGINAL    WHIG    SONGS,    THE    HUNTRESS 
FOR  50  CENTS  UNTIL  THE  PRESI- 
DENTIAL ELECTION. 

"All  who  wish  to  have  in  their  possession  a  col- 
lection of  choice,  well-written,  pointed,  original  Whig 
Songs  and  other  caustic  productions  have  the  oppor- 
tunity now  offered  them,  at  the  low  price  of  FIFTY 
CENTS." 

The  songs  were  jingles  made  up  of  personal  allu- 
sions, bad  puns,  and  clumsy  jokes.     The  following  is  a 


186  ANNE  ROYALL 

specimen  which  Mrs.  Royall  cautiously  pronounces  to 
be  "probably  creditable  to  the  author": 

"WHY  DON'T  HE  CROW? 

"That  bird  on  the  top  of  the  hickory  pole, 
That  bird  on  the  top  of  the  hickory  pole, 
That  bird  on  the  top  of  the  hickory  pole ; 
What  is  it  —  a  pheasant  ?     Oh  no  sir,  oh  no. 
That  bird  is  a  rooster.     Then  why  don 't  he  crow  ? 
"That  bird  seems  weary,  how  came  it  up  there? 
It  should  not  have  flown  so  high  through  the  air. 
He  turns  round  about  with  so  vacant  a  stare, 
That  I  very  much  doubt  he  could  crow  if  he  dare. 

"A  splendid  bald  Eagle,  'twas  said  'tother  day, 
Flew  over  this  pole  to  the  Westward  away. 
Which  was  construed  by  Amos*  an  omen  of  luck, 
Who  is  or  pretends  to  be  prophesy-struck. 

"But  a  prophet    'tis  well  known  no  honor  obtains 
In  the  land  of  his  birth,  thereupon  it  remains 
To  be  seen  in  the  issue  how  far  he's  correct, 
When  himself  and  his  Omens  shall  meet  with  respect. 

"But  the  Eagle  which  Westward  was  winging  its  wayr 
To  Kentucky  was  bound  on  a  visit  to  Clay. 
Grapes  come  not  of  thorns  nor  of  thistles  the  fig, 
This  bald  Eagle  at  Ashland  will  find  a  good  W(h)ig.'r 

Mr.  Fenton's  Whig  candidate,  Henry  Clay,  was 
defeated  because  of  his  indecisive  views  on  the  question 
of  the  acquisition  of  Texas.  James  K.  Polk,  of  Ten- 
nessee, who  strongly  favored  the  annexation  of  Texas, 
was  elected,  the  Liberty  party,  objecting  to  slavery 
and  favoring  the  acquisition  of  Texas,  holding  the 
balance  of  power. 

It  was  extremely  characteristic  of  Anne  Royall 
that  she  should  let  Mr.  Fenton  sing  his  songs  in  her 

*Amos  Kendall. 


ANNE  ROYALL  187 

newspaper  while  she,  the  chief  editor,  was  strongly 
for  Texas.  Mr.  Polk  was  an  old  acquaintance  and 
patron  of  Mrs.  Royall.  In  the  interesting  ' '  Polk  Cor- 
respondence" preserved  in  the  manuscript  division  of 
the  Library  of  Congress  we  find  a  letter  from  Mrs. 
Royall  to  Mr.  Polk  which  shows  her  independence  more 
fully,  perhaps,  than  any  other  single  piece  of  evidence 
extant.  It  shows,  also,  how  thoroughly  sincere  she 
was  in  her  warfare  against  the  Church  and  State 
party.  At  the  head  of  the  long  sheet  on  which  the 
letter  is  written  is  this  receipt : 

"Received  of  Hon.  J.  K.  Polk,  two  dollars  and 
fifty  cents  for  his  paper,  The  Paul  Pry.  Washington 
City,  Feby.  6th,  1834. 

"Anne  Royall" 

Underneath  follows  the  letter: 
"Hon.  J.K.Polk 
"Sir:  — 

"I  do  not  feel  reconciled  in  taking  your  money, 
and  before  I  would  have  you  imagine  I  am  under 
obligations,  which  I  am  not,  I  shall  be  very  happy  to 
return  it  to  you.  I  make  these  remarks  from  a  report 
that  would  not  justify  silence  and  from  the  reluctance 
with  which  you  in  particular  paid  for  the  paper.  And 
yet  I  hope  I  am  mistaken.  I  rather  think  there  is  too 
much  money  religion  in  that  quarter  which  I  shall 
handle,  not  sparingly,  when  other  matters  are  dis- 
posed of.  I  despise  the  canting  of  Messrs.  Clay  and 
March  since  they  have  been  converted  to  Money  Reli- 
gion.    I  have  the  honor  to  be, 

"Your  obedient  servant, 

"Anne  Royall. 

"P.  S.  Men  who  are  governed  by  women,  and 
those  women  governed  by  Priests,  are  not  fit  to  govern 
the  Nation." 


I; 


::     i  :  T'  -  r  i  -   _    _:  -   i    - 


lt: 


_z  \z>- 


'  -    '  -  -     :     *  —  r>-=iii£    x. 


- "_:      :    i_- 

tZ    -...:_-r- 

"'-  '.'.'    1  lr? 

— 

-     -   :--j- 

iel    ::    \i- 

—  _     .,  . 

-----  "  - 

—   •    - 

ANNE  EOYALL  1:.- 

d.d  not  speak  on  this  occasion  with  Ins  accustomed 
vigor."  But  Senator  Johnston,  of  Georgia,  who  fol- 
lowed the  Massachusetts  statesman,  showed  vigor 
enough.  He  set  forth  the  abolitionists  in  a  most  un- 
complimentary light.  Even  Mrs.  Eoyall  : 
for  them.     She  myi 

" '  These  poor  abolitionists  are  not  the  prime  mov- 
ers of  these  appalling  principles.     They  are  mos~     : 
them  morally  honest    even  scrupulously  so.     They  are 
kind  neighbors  and  charitable  on  many      rasions.  1 
they  have  be  sly  educated.     There  may  be 

a  lack  of  intellectual  grasp  which  cunning  sectarians 
have  moulded  to  their  own  interest   in  fa    nsti- 

tuted  for  this  purpose,  wher-  masoning  powers 

have  been  crushed  out  by  forcing  them  to  believe  that 
their  religion  is  the  only  true  religion  on  earth." 

In  fact,  if  the  early  abolitionists  had  not.  in  their 
manifestos,  constant""     leelared  that  was  "a 

sin  against  G  :hey  had  not  continually  em- 

ployed  other   phrases   common   to   the  "bluesk" 
Anne  Eoyall  would,  in  all  probability,  have  been  their 
most  ardent  support- 

The  editorial  page  of  Tl     ."  like  that     : 

Paul  Pry.  is  a  curious  mixture  of  fanatical  attack, 
solid  chunks  of  common-sense,  acute  criticism,  expos- 
ure of  public  corruption,  and  naive  narration  of  the 
editor's  personal  affairs.  Sometimes  the  editor  takes 
the  public  into  her  confidence,  thn  - 

"No  paper  will  be  issued  from  this  office  this 
week.  TVe  really  mast  take  me  week  men  in  ten 
years  to  fix  up  our  wardrobe  which  is  getting  shabby. 

Our  next  issue  will  welcome  Congr-— 


190  ANNE  ROYALL 

Mrs.  Royall  witnessed  the  first  exhibition  of  the 
telegraph  before  a  congressional  committee.  Mr. 
Morse  asked  her  what  he  should  say  to  his  assistant 
in  Baltimore,  whom  she  knew  well. 

She  replied,  "Tell  him  Mrs.  Royall  is  present," 
to  which  the  gentleman  at  the  other  end  of  the  line 
gallantly  responded,  "Give  my  respects  to  Mrs. 
Royall." 

Long  afterward  she  again  met  the  great  inventor. 
She  says: 

"We  think  very  highly  of  this  amiable  man,  and 
our  opinion  is  that  his  country  is  unworthy  of  him. 
He  has  spent  his  life,  his  money  and  his  talents  in 
the  study  of  Science  for  the  benefit  of  mankind;  the 
successful  result,  we  believe,  was  offered  to  Congress 
but  was  evaded  under  some  pretence  or  other. 

' '  When  we  first  had  the  pleasure  to  see  Professor 
Morse,  some  eighteen  years  since,  he  had  just  returned 
from  Europe,  where  he  had  been  to  finish  his  studies. 
He  was  then  a  blooming  young  man  and  highly  ac- 
complished. He  is  now  thin,  gray  and  careworn, 
though  his  manners  are  still  fascinating.  But  he  has 
lost  that  animation  that  became  him  so  well.  Thus 
Genius  is  suffered  to  languish  and  die  in  our  country. 
Shame!  Shame!" 

About  this  time  the  first  daguerreotype  rooms 
were  opened  in  Washington,  and  Mrs.  Royall,  ever 
eager  to  see  new  inventions,  immediately  investigated 
the  process.     She  writes: 

' '  It  requires  but  a  few  minutes  to  take  a  likeness. 
You  have  nothing  to  do  but  sit  still  upon  your  chair 
and  look  through  a  tube.  At  first  you  see  nothing; 
but  in  a  short  time  (in  our  case)  the  cap-border  was 
distinctly  discernible,  and  the  face  soon  came  into 
full  view." 


ANNE  ROYALL  191 

The  editor  of  The  Huntress  reassures  timid  per- 
sons who  express  doubts  as  to  its  being  quite  lady- 
like to  have  their  pictures  taken : 

' '  No  lady  need  apprehend  the  least  thing  unpleas- 
ant. As  soon  as  she  arrives  Mr.  Charles  H.  Brainard 
of  Boston  steps  forward  and  offers  his  services  and 
protection.  There  is  no  mistake.  Mr.  B.,  though 
quite  young,  is  one  of  your  high-minded  men  —  ac- 
complished, and  pleasant  in  his  manners." 

Mrs.  Royall  could  put  a  printing  press  together 
and  she  was  able  to  understand  the  working  of  most 
of  the  machinery  which  delighted  her  at  Pittsburg, 
but  Daguerre's  process,  she  confesses,  was  beyond 
her: 

"We  have  no  conception  of  this  mystery  and 
should  like  to  understand  it.  To  us  it  appears  super- 
human, and  among  our  greatest  discoveries." 


CHAPTER  XII 
The  West 

With  the  fierce,  exultant  love  of  the  triumphant 
pioneer,  Anne  Royall  loved  the  entire  Union.  Watch- 
ing the  frontier  move  steadily  westward  was  her 
dearest  pleasure  for  three-quarters  of  a  stirring  cen- 
tury. Nowhere,  perhaps,  has  this  pregnant  migration 
from  the  east  to  the  Pacific  been  more  effectively  and 
clearly  set  forth  than  in  Theodore  Roosevelt's  The 
Winning  of  the  West.  In  his  introduction  to  that 
valuable  work,  the  author  makes  very  plain  certain 
facts,  and  their  geographical  importance,  which  every 
intelligent  American  should  know.  By  means  of  these 
facts,  with  their  enormous  influence  upon  the  national 
temperament,  much  in  Anne  Royall's  stormy  career 
is  easily  explained. 

Mr.  Roosevelt  writes : 

"The  Americans  began  their  work  of  western 
conquest  as  a  separate  and  individual  people  at  the 
moment  when  they  sprang  into  national  life.  It  has 
been  their  great  work  ever  since." 

After  speaking  appreciatively  of  George  Rogers 
Clarke  and  Houston,  the  historian  continues : 

' '  The  way  in  which  the  southern  part  of  our  coun- 
try —  that  is  all  the  land  south  of  the  Ohio,  and  from 
thence  on  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Pacific  —  was 


ANNE  ROYALL  193 

won  and  settled  stands  quite  alone.  The  region  north 
of  it  was  filled  up  in  a  very  different  manner.  The 
Southwest,  including  what  was  once  called  simply 
the  West,  and  afterward  the  middle  West,  was  won 
by  the  people  themselves,  acting  as  individuals,  or  as 
groups  of  individuals  who  hewed  out  their  individual 
fortunes  in  advance  of  any  governmental  action.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  Northwest,  speaking  broadly,  was 
acquired  by  the  government,  the  settlers  merely  tak- 
ing possession  of  what  the  whole  country  guaranteed 
them.  The  Northwest  is,  essentially,  a  national  do- 
main; it  is  fitting  that  it  should  be,  as  it  is,  not  only 
by  position  but  by  feeling,  the  heart  of  the  nation. 

"In  the  Southwest  the  early  settlers  acted  as 
their  own  army  and  supplied  both  leaders  and  men. 
Sevier,  Robertson,  Clarke  and  Boone  led  their  fellow- 
pioneers  to  battle,  as  Jackson  did  afterward,  and 
Houston  did  later  still.  Indeed,  the  Southwesterners 
not  only  won  their  own  soil  for  themselves,  but  they 
were  the  chief  instruments  in  the  acquisition  of  the 
Northwest  also.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  conquest 
of  the  Illinois  towns  in  1779  we  would  probably  never 
have  had  any  Northwest  to  settle;  and  the  huge  tract 
between  the  upper  Mississippi  and  the  Columbia,  then 
called  upper  Louisiana,  fell  into  our  hands  only  be- 
cause the  Kentuckians  and  Tennesseeans  were  reso- 
lutely bent  on  taking  possession  of  New  Orleans, 
either  by  bargain  or  battle.  All  our  territory  lying 
beyond  the  Alleghanies,  north  and  south,  was  first 
won  for  us  by  the  Southwesterners,  fighting  for  their 
own  land.  The  northern  part  was  afterward  filled 
up  by  the  thrifty,  vigorous  men  of  the  Northeast, 
whose  sons  became  the  real  rulers  as  well  as  the  pre- 
servers of  the  Union;  but  these  settlements  of  North- 
erners were  rendered  possible  only  by  the  deeds  of 
the  nation  as  a  whole.  They  entered  on  land  that 
the  Southerners  had  won,  and  they  were  kept  there 


194  ANNE  ROY  ALL 

by  the  strong  arm  of  the  Federal  Government ;  where- 
as, the  Southerners  owed  most  of  their  victories  only 
to  themselves." 

Anne  Royall  was  born  into  the  individualistic 
pioneer  life;  traveling  in  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and 
Alabama,  she  had  absorbed  the  splendid  colonistic 
enthusiasm  of  the  Southwest;  her  army  husband, 
whose  opinions  she  reverenced,  upheld  with  all  his 
heart  the  ordinance  of  1787  under  which  the  North- 
west was  settled  and  which,  says  Mr.  Roosevelt,  "ab- 
solutely determined  its  destiny,  and  thereby  in  the 
end,  also  determined  the  destiny  of  the  whole  nation ; ' ' 
her  long  residence  of  thirty-one  years  at  the  national 
capital  where  territorial  expansion  never  ceases  to  be 
a  topical  storm-center,  only  strengthened  her  original 
affection  for  the  West  and  its  people;  moreover,  there 
was  something  congenial  to  her  daring,  impetuous 
nature  in  the  free,  unconventional,  hospitable  atmos- 
phere of  the  West.  She  even  insisted  that  life  in  the 
broad  western  domain  left  an  ennobling  mark  upon 
the  faces  of  the  men  and  women  brought  up  there. 
She  writes: 

' '  There  is  an  independence  in  the  looks  and  man- 
ners of  the  Western  people,  an  elevation  of  thought, 
and  a  serenity  of  countenance  altogether  peculiar  to 
them. ' ' 

Mrs.  Royall 's  mother,  Mrs.  Butler,  and  her  broth- 
er, James  Butler,  it  will  remembered,  went  to  Ken- 
tucky and  from  thence  migrated  west  to  Indiana.  In 
1831  Mrs.  Royall  had  the  great  happiness  of  seeing 
both  again  after  a  separation  of  more  than  fifteen 
years.     On  her  way  to  them,  in  Lawrenceburg,  In- 


ANNE  ROYALL  195 

diana,  she  was  also  overjoyed  to  meet  one  of  the  two 
young  men  who  came  forward  as  her  bondsmen  the 
day  of  her  trial  in  Washington  City. 

"I  was  hardly  seated  in  the  parlor  of  the  tavern 
when,  to  my  infinite  joy,  my  friend  Mr.  Thomas  Dow- 
ling,  whom  I  had  left  in  Washington  city,  stepped  in 
and  took  me  by  the  hand!" 

After  three  exclamation  marks  to  express  her 
pleasure,  Mrs.  Royall  continues: 

"My  joy  was  unbounded,  of  all  the  friends  I 
have  in  the  world  I  esteem  him  the  most,  and  to  meet 
him  in  a  strange  land  was  a  cordial.  I  forgot  the 
trunks,  my  brother,  my  mother,  and  all  my  cares. 
He  soon  had  the  trunks  forthcoming,  and  in  a  few 
words  informed  me  he  lived  in  the  place,  and  was  the 
joint  editor  of  a  paper  published  at  Lawrenceburg. 
The  virtues  and  talents  of  this  young  man  are  well 
known.  He  used  to  work  with  Messrs.  Gales  and 
Seaton,  and  from  a  friendless,  homeless  orphan  lad 
has  become  one  of  the  first  members  of  society.  His 
brother,  Mr.  John  Dowling,  the  eldest,  equally  respec- 
table for  talents,  is  now  studying  law  at  Lexington. 
The  latter  is  a  Jackson  man,  and  Thomas  goes  for 
Henry  Clay.  I  was  much  gratified  to  find  he  com- 
manded (which  he  always  will)  the  respect  and  es- 
teem of  all  parties." 

In  a  footnote,  Mrs.  Royall  notes  that  "Mr.  Dow- 
ling has  since  removed  to  Greensburg,  and  publishes 
a  paper  of  his  own." 

Indiana  in  1831  was  such  a  "thickly  timbered 
state"  that  Mrs.  Royall  declares  she  very  nearly  suf- 
focated on  her  way  across  it.     She  goes  on : 

"When  we  reached  Connersville,  Indiana,  we 
discovered  that  my  brother  lived  three  miles  further 


196  ANNE  ROYALL 

on,  and  I  coaxed  up  the  man,  who,  for  another  dollar, 
conveyed  me  to  my  brother's  through  the  most  fertile 
and  beautiful  land  under  the  sun.  Great  sugar  trees 
from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high ! 
I  had  been  praying  all  the  way  that  I  might  find  my 
brother  on  a  farm,  that  I  might  once  more  drink  in 
the  pleasure  of  a  sylvan  shade,  and  was  in  raptures 
as  we  threaded  our  way  through  the  dark  shades  and 
tangled  roads.  I  left  it  all  to  my  driver  and  was  n- 
little  amused  with  his  'right  and  left  and  straight 
forward. ' 

"I  understood  at  Connersville  that  my  mother 
had  left  her  son  and  gone  to  live  with  a  grandson. 
But  there  was  still  pleasure  before  me  and  novelty, 
too.  I  had  seen  my  brother,  Col.  James  Butler,  but 
twice  in  thirty  years,  and  we  were  a  very  short  time 
together  then,  fifteen  years  since,  and  I  had  never 
seen  wife  or  child  belonging  to  him.  I  therefore 
hoped  he  might  not  know  me  that  I  might  amuse 
myself  in  passing  for  a  stranger.  I  had  no  knowledge 
of  his  situation,  nor  comforts.  All  I  knew  of  him 
was  that  he  was  an  intelligent,  honest  man.  which  I 
had  heard  from  the  members  of  Congress  from  his 
state.  Though  my  Letters  had  preceded  me  to  Con- 
nersville. and  had  been  noticed  so  often  in  the  papers, 
such  is  his  retirement  he  never  heard  I  was  on  the 
tour  as  it  appeared.  I  resolved,  if  I  did  not  like  the 
appearance,  to  return  in  the  same  wagon  to  Conners- 
ville; and  when  we  reached  my  brother's  fence  (the 
house  setting  back  in  a  field)  we  left  the  baggage  in 
the  wagon,  tied  the  horse,  and  finding  neither  gate  nor 
stile,  the  driver  helped  me  over,  and  we  soon  reached 
the  house  which  stood  exposed  to  the  blazing  sun. 

"As  I  drew  near  the  door  so  as  to  see  the  house,  I 
saw  my  brother  and  discovered  by  his  smiling  that  he 
knew  me.  So  it  was  all  over.  My  sister  Sally  (as 
we  will  call  Mrs.  Butler)  was  a  great  bouncing  woman, 
with  rosy  cheeks  and  a  rolling  black  eye.     She  cried 


ANNE  ROYALL  197 

for  joy.  She  looked  young  enough  to  be  my  brother's 
daughter,  and  was  nearly  double  his  size.  My  brother 
was  careworn  and  shrunk  up  to  nothing. 

"I  soon  saw  I  was  welcome  on  all  sides.  But 
the  children!  —  the  house  swarmed  with  them.  'Are 
all  these  yours  ? '  I  asked.  '  Here  is  not  half, '  said  my 
brother.  'Here  is  a  sweet  little  babe  you  haven't  seen 
yet, '  said  my  sister,  taking  an  infant  from  the  cradle. 
'We  have  two  married,'  said  my  brother,  'and  two 
have  gone  away,'  said  my  sister.  There  were  six  in 
the  house  then.  They  had  ten,  or  perhaps,  twelve; 
and  from  that  day  to  this  I  never  was  able  to  retain 
their  names.  Meantime,  I  remained  standing  for  I 
saw  no  chance  to  write.  But  one  room  in  the  house 
below  stairs,  or,  rather,  below  ladder.  All  this  I 
liked  —  it  was  novel,  it  was  rural,  it  was  wild  —  was 
what  I  had  once  been  used  to,  and  what  I  had  long 
mourned  for.  But  how  was  I  to  write?  For  you 
might  stop  my  breath  if  you  stop  my  pen.  The  north 
front  of  the  house  looked  cool,  and  a  grove  of  shady 
trees  stood  near;  and  a  small  cabin,  too,  though  it 
looked  rather  rusty.  I  could  have  that  fitted  up  and 
shaded  with  boughs,  and  by  the  help  of  imagination 
it  might  be  changed  to  a  new  cabin  —  the  very  thing 
I  wished  for.  All  this  was  conceived  in  half  a  minute, 
or  less,  and,  having  settled  the  most  important  affair 
I  sat  down  and  desired  the  man  to  bring  in  my  bag- 
gage. 

"By  this  time  one  of  the  absent  sons  appeared, 
who,  although  only  a  boy  in  age  was  a  man  in  size. 
His  name  was  John.  He  was  very  handsome  and  very 
raw.  He  stood  and  stared  at  me  awhile  and  then 
walked  off  to  help  with  the  baggage.  After  the  man 
had  taken  a  hasty  snack  I  paid  him  the  extra  dollar, 
and  he  departed.  "We  spent  a  pleasant  evening  in 
talking  over  old  times.  My  mother,  it  appeared,  lived 
with  Cowan,  at  Edenburg,  between  forty  and  fifty 
miles  distant,  and  they  were  about  removing  (if  not 


198  ANNE  ROYALL 

actually  gone)  up  the  Wabash  to  Logansport,  nearly 
three  hundred  miles.  This  was  a  disappointment, 
indeed,  but  I  resolved  to  rest  a  few  weeks. 

"Accordingly,  next  morning,  I  slipped  John  a 
dollar,  and  set  him  forthwith  at  work  upon  my  little 
cabin.  He  soon  formed  it  into  a  pleasant  bower  by 
covering  it  with  green  boughs  to  keep  out  the  sun, 
which  otherwise  would  have  assailed  me  through  the 
logs.  A  table  and  chair  were  placed  in  the  hut,  and 
I  was  soon  engaged  with  my  pen  as  happy  as  heart 
could  wish. 

"When  tired  of  sitting,  I  often  strolled  about 
under  the  lofty  trees  or  called  on  a  near  neighbor. 
Sometimes,  indeed,  my  premises  were  visited  by  a 
saucy  hog  which,  I  think,  was  a  pet.  But  pet  or  no 
pet,  he  was  very  impudent  and  made  no  bones  of  root- 
ing down  my  shade,  and  often  came  to  the  door  and 
grunted  in  my  face.  A  rude  flock  of  geese,  and  a 
still  ruder  flock  of  sheep  often  trespassed  on  my  do- 
main, but  the  children  were  very  good,  and  kept  clean 
on  the  other  side  of  the  lot,  and  my  time  went  off  very 
pleasant  for  eleven  days." 

This  little  oasis  in  her  life  did  Mrs.  Royall  much 
good.  She  was  never  quite  so  sharp  again.  Mrs. 
Royall  found  her  mother  at  Springfield,  Vermilion 
county : 

"I  inquired  at  the  first  house  I  came  to  if  the 
Messrs.  Cowan  lived  in  Springfield  and  was  answered 
in  the  affirmative.  It  being  Sunday  I  supposed  their 
store  was  shut,  they  being  merchants ;  and  wishing  to 
apprise  my  mother  of  my  arrival  indirectly,  I  con- 
cluded to  stop  at  the  store  myself  and  to  send  for 
one  of  the  Cowans  to  break  the  matter  to  my  mother 
by  degrees.  Accordingly,  I  stopped  at  the  store,  and 
finding  a  genteel  man  in  the  yard  I  asked  which  was 
Mr.   Cowan's  dwelling   and  if   Mrs.   Butler  was  at 


ANNE  ROY  ALL  199 

home  ?  He  pointed  to  the  the  house  which  was  about 
two  hundred  yards  distant,  and  replied  that  he 
thought  she  was." 

Patrick  and  William  Cowan,  Mrs.  Butler 's  grand- 
sons, came  at  once  to  the  store.     Mrs.  Royall  remarks : 

"Patrick,  I  thought,  saluted  rather  coldly.  I 
paid  little  attention  to  this  for  I  was  planning  the 
interview  with  my  mother,  whom  I  had  not  seen  for 
sixteen  years.  She  was  now  in  her  seventy-eighth 
year,  and  though  stout  and  active,  as  I  understood,  I 
did  not  wish  to  meet  her  unapprised.  She  was  in  a 
neighbor's  house  in  town  to  see  a  sick  child;  and 
Patrick,  after  apprising  his  wife,  as  it  appears,  to 
prepare  breakfast,  went  for  my  mother  —  told  her 
he  wanted  her  to  come  home  as  it  was  near  breakfast 
time.  She  paid  little  attention  to  him  but  continued 
to  give  directions  about  the  sick  child. 

"  'Come,  come,  Grandmother,  I've  got  good  news 
to  tell  you.' 

11  'What  is  it?' 

"  'Oh,  come  along  and  I'll  tell  you.  I've  heard 
of  Aunt  R —  she's  coming  to  see  us.' 

"She  dropped  the  child  and  set  off  with  him. 

"  'Who  told  you,  where  is  she?  How  did  you 
hear?' 

"  'I  heard  it  from  a  traveling  man.  She  will 
soon  be  here.' 

"After  she  got  over  the  first  surprise,  he  said  he 
expected  me  there  that  day  and  that  he  would  not  be 
surprised  if  I  got  there  that  day.  When  he  reached 
home,  finding  she  bore  it  pretty  well,  he  told  her  I 
was  in  town,  and  that  he  had  seen  me,  and  she  must 
rig  up  a  little  while  he  went  for  me.  All  this  he  re- 
lated afterward.  While  he  was  preparing  my  mother 
William,  the  single  one,  called  on  me,  but  was  much 
embarrassed.  He  was  a  handsome,  small  man  but 
very  diffident. 


200  ANNE  ROYALL 

"Patrick  soon  called  again,  and  I  was  not  many 
minutes  in  reaching  the  house.  The  first  object  I 
saw  as  I  stept  in  at  the  door  was  my  mother  sitting 
composedly  in  a  chair.  The  minute  I  was  fairly  in 
the  house  the  dear  old  woman  sprang  with  the  rapidity 
of  lightning  and  caught  me  in  her  arms!  The  first 
words  I  could  distinguish  were,  'Well,  never,  never 
did  I  expect  to  see  you  again ! '  These  were  the  only 
words  I  could  clearly  distinguish  while  I  was  with 
her;  her  voice  being  so  low  and  inarticulate  that  I 
could  hardly  understand  her.  Those  accustomed  to 
her  understood  her  very  well;  and  the  family  had  to 
interpret  most  of  what  she  said.  She  was  quite  serene. 
All  her  joy  seemed  to  be  mental.  I  now  saluted  Mrs. 
Patrick  Cowan,  a  sweet,  pretty,  delicate  woman  whom 
I  had  never  seen  before.  The  children  were  the  hand- 
somest creatures  I  ever  laid  my  eyes  on.  I  think  they 
had  seven,  but  to  this  day  I  do  not  know  the  names 
of  half  my  nephews  and  nieces. ' ' 

We  catch  a  glimpse  of  Anne  Royall's  silent  brav- 
ery about  her  own  troubles: 

"I  had  met  with  a  sad  reverse  of  fortune  since 
I  saw  my  mother,  which  subject  she  introduced.  But 
it  is  one  upon  which  I  have  never  been  able  to  con- 
verse and  she  dropped  it. 

"My  mother  is  a  low,  light  woman,  and  once,  the 
handsomest  of  her  day,  though,  like  myself,  under- 
sized. She  is  now  considerably  bent,  her  features 
have  grown  longer,  and  she  is  much  burned  with  the 
climate.  But  her  eye  (and  such  an  eye!)  was  as 
brilliant  as  ever,  and  she  could  see  to  read  the  smallest 
print  without  glasses. 

1 '  She  had  been  subject  to  what  is  called  the  shak- 
ing palsy  for  many  years,  which  I  shall  always  attri- 
bute to  the  immoderate  use  of  strong  coffee,  and  though 
it  has  greatly  increased  and  perhaps  affected  her 
voice,  her  mental  powers,  contrary  to  the  common 


ANNE  ROYALL  201 

effects  of  old  age,  had  become  stronger  to  an  aston- 
ishing degree  —  far  beyond  what  she  was  at  any- 
time I  knew  her.  Her  remarks  had  so  much  point 
that  I  shook  from  head  to  foot  with  amazement. 
She  appeared  to  be  supernatural.  This  is  the  only 
instance  I  ever  heard  of  the  same  nature. 

"She  is  never  sick,  but  has  devoted  so  much  of 
her  time  to  the  afflicted,  that  her  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine is  said  to  be  consulted  before  any  physician 
wherever  she  is  known.  I  had  heard  this  but  treated 
it  as  a  farce.  But  after  seeing  her  I  would  believe 
anything.  She  was  always  reckoned  sensible  but  she 
is  far  beyond  that  now.  She  shakes  so  violently  that 
she  is  compelled  to  drink  through  a  tube.  Yet  she 
is  active,  eats  hearty,  and  can  outride  most  females 
on  horseback. 

' '  Poor  old  woman !  after  experiencing  every  vicis- 
situde of  fortune  she  has  the  pleasure  of  seeing  her 
family  respectable,  wealthy  and  flourishing,  and  finds 
a  most  comfortable  asylum  in  its  bosom.  I  was  charm- 
ed with  the  affectionate  manner  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cowan  toward  her;  and  Patrick  is  indeed  the  most 
affectionate  and  tender-hearted  man  in  the  world.  It 
was  with  the  most  heartfelt  pleasure  I  saw  him  taking 
wine  to  a  poor  sick  stranger,  and  devoting  his  whole 
time  to  those  in  distress ;  sitting  up  nights  with  them, 
nursing  total  strangers  with  the  care  and  tenderness 
of  a  parent.  I  soon  found  that  what  I  took  for  cold- 
ness was  only  embarrassment. 

"Two  days  was  all  I  could  spend  with  my  mother 
as  William  was  obliged  to  return  on  urgent  business. ' ' 

This  visit  to  the  West  strengthened,  if  possible, 
Mrs.  RoyalTs  affection  for  that  part  of  the  country. 
She  writes: 

"As  to  soil  and  water,  Indiana  and  Illinois  are 
worth  the  whole  United  States.  Not  an  inch  of  ground 
that  I  have  seen  in  either  state  but  can  be  cultivated. ' ' 


202  ANNE  ROYALL 

Cincinnati,  though,  she  found  ' '  a  den  of  thieving 
missionaries  —  a  spot  where  Anti-Masonry  and  money- 
religion  have  done  their  worst.     It  is  a  fair  Sodom." 

A  few  righteous,  however,  Mrs.  Royall  found  in 
the  city  —  the  party  of  Masons  who  received  her  — 
Judge  Burke,  Mr.  Langdon,  Mr.  Henry  and  Mr.  T. 
Flint.     She  writes : 

' '  I  never  longed  to  see  even  my  mother  more  than 
I  did  Mr.  Flint,  whose  fame  has  placed  him  far  beyond 
my  feeble  pen.  He  is  well  known  to  rank  among  the 
first  men  of  the  age.  As  a  gentleman  and  fine  writer 
—  as  a  man  of  strong  mind,  deep  conception,  classical 
elegance,  and  inventive  powers,  he  is  second  to  no 
American  writer.  His  teeming  mind  dresses  his  lively 
ideas  with  a  magic  sweetness  which  never  fails  to 
charm;  nor  are  we  less  pleased  with  his  spirghtly  wit 
and  descriptive  powers.  As  I  anticipated,  this  ami- 
able man,  the  proud  leader  of  our  literary  band,  had 
to  drop  his  Review  for  want  of  support.  Oh,  shame 
to  the  'Queen  of  the  West.'  " 

At  Shelbyville,  Indiana,  Mrs.  Royall  was  hand- 
somely entertained  by  Captain  Walker,  who,  she  says,. 
was  the  son  of  the  first  settler  of  Indiana: 

"He  and  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone  came  in 
company  to  hunt  in  the  (now)  state  of  Indiana,  and 
Captain  Walker,  when  a  boy,  used  to  keep  camp  for 
them." 

In  her  journal  Mrs.  Royall  makes  many  reflective 
remarks  upon  the  superiority  of  Western  character : 

"One  thing  is  peculiar  to  the  Western  country, 
which  is  a  native  and  inbred  sense  of  honor. 

"In  the  Western  states,  thank  heaven,  we  have 
some  virtue  and  freedom  of  thought. 

' '  Refinement  is  moving  her  empire  to  the  West. '  * 


ANNE  ROYALL  203 

She  pays  tribute  to  one  of  Ohio 's  greatest  sons : 

"To  my  great  joy  I  met  with  some  dear  friends 
whose  happiness  is  never  forgotten  in  my  prayers  to 
heaven,  Judge  McClean  and  lady,  both  looking  well. 
He,  majestic,  mild  and  dignified,  she  the  admired  of 
all.  Would  she  not  adorn  the  White  House?  Per- 
haps she  may  yet. 

"They  were  making  a  tour  through  the  upper 
Mississippi  country.  But  the  best  news  of  all  is  that 
Judge  McClean  remembers  the  poor  in  his  absence 
and  left  particular  instructions  with  his  agents  for 
the  benefit  of  the  sick  and  destitute.  This  is  true 
gospel.     May  heaven  reward  him  for  the  Godlike  act." 

"N.  B.  Markle,  of  Terre  Haute,  is  one  of  our 
own  boys  in  the  West.  Terre  Haute  is  the  garden- 
spot  of  Indiana  for  intelligence,  wit  and  refinement." 

Later  in  her  editorial  capacity,  Mrs.  Royall  con- 
stituted herself  into  a  sort  of  advisory  paternal  gov- 
ernment for  the  West: 

In  The  Huntress,  she  says : 

"It  appears  Hon.  W.  C.  Johnson  gets  on  slowly 
with  his  bill  for  the  relief  of  the  indebted  states. 

1 '  For  our  life,  we  cannot  see  why  those  rich  mines 
in  Illinois,  for  instance,  cannot  be  allowed  to  be  farm- 
ed out  to  pay  its  debts.  It  is  a  hard  case  for  a  sover- 
eign state,  no  matter  how  she  incurred  the  misfortune, 
to  endure  the  odium,  not  to  say  distress,  of  a  heavy 
debt  hanging  over  her  while  she  possesses  within  her 
borders  so  rich  a  treasure.  We  should  say  it  was 
'unconstitutional.'  And  as  for  those  two  saucy  young 
ladies,  Miss  Wisconsin  and  Miss  Iowa,  who  are  rolling 
in  wealth,  and  expect  to  be  married  to  Uncle  Sam 
shortly,  they  should  contribute  to  the  wants  of  their 
elder  sister." 

More  than  any  other  river  on  this  planet,  not 
excepting  the  Nile,  the  Rhine  or  the  historic  Tiber, 


204  ANNE  ROYALL 

the  mighty  Mississippi  has  influenced  the  imagination 
of  mankind.  English  and  French  poets  have  apos- 
trophized it  in  flowing,  alliterative  verse;  German 
philosophers  have  used  it  as  a  figurative  boundary- 
mark  of  thought;  artists  have  brooded  over  it;  to 
historians  its  blood-tinged  waters  have  inspired  elo- 
quence ;  the  novelist  has  made  the  great  river  and  the 
savage  race  that  once  roamed  its  banks  his  own;  to 
commerce  it  has  proved  a  stream  of  gold  and,  last  but 
by  no  means  least,  the  phrase  employed  in  its  early 
navigation,  "mark  twain,"  has  become  a  household 
joy  in  every  civilized  nation  through  its  connection 
with  the  world's  best-loved  humorist,  Samuel  L. 
Clemens. 

The  banks  of  the  wonderful  river  were  compara- 
tively lonely  when  Anne  Royall  first  steamed  north- 
ward upon  it.  She  felt  its  mystery  and  charm  as  she 
seldom  felt  the  poetry  of  natural  beauty: 

"The  scenery  on  this  part  of  the  Mississippi 
River  is  said  to  be  flat.  It  may  appear  so  to  those 
who  see  it  every  day,  but  a  first  view  is  very  interest- 
ing. The  mighty  river,  itself,  is  an  object  of  deep 
interest  and  untiring  beauty,  and  always  sublime.  Its 
serpentine  figure  renders  it  always  beautiful.  The 
points  of  land  caused  by  its  windings  which  are  seen 
far  ahead,  assume  every  figure  and  every  shade,  ris- 
ing one  above  another.  Some  of  them  appear  like 
green  towers ;  some  like  solid  green  walls.  These  again 
are  variegated  by  sudden  changes  in  the  growth,  from 
cotton  trees  to  willows  and  from  the  willow  to  the 
cedar  tree.  The  numerous  islands,  bayous  and  fields 
of  dark  green  corn  on  the  shores,  stocked  with  droves 
of  sleek  black  and  white  cattle,  the  trees  enveloped  in 
a  green  vine  forming  every  kind  of  figure  out  of  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  205 

twigs  —  some  into  goblets,  some  wreaths  and  fringe- 
tufts,  and  some  actually  resemble  a  hand  with  green 
gloves  on.  This  vine  produces  a  rich  red  flower  as 
large  as  one's  fist.  The  person  must  lack  taste  in- 
deed who  would  not  be  pleased  with  this  scenery." 

The  sandbars  appear  above  Memphis.  Their 
principal  beauty  arises  from  their  uninterrupted 
smoothness  and  their  soft,  nankeen  color.  They 
stretch  up  and  down  the  stream  in  sword  points.  The 
banks  above  Memphis  are  lined  with  the  green  rush 
called  scrubbing  grass.  Tons  of  this  might  be  gath- 
ered.    It  adds  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  country. 

When  she  reaches  the  steeper  banks  crowned  by 
mighty  sycamores,  Mrs.  Royall  is  enraptured.  But 
with  her,  poetical  feeling  never  long  crowds  out  prac- 
tical possibilities. 

"Above  any  other  part  of  the  world,  the  people 
of  the  "Western  states  are  indebted  to  Fulton.  They 
would  never  have  been  distinguished  from  the  vegeta- 
bles of  their  soil  were  it  not  for  his  invention. ' ' 

It  was  like  her,  too,  to  return  to  Washington  and 
work,  the  rest  of  her  life  for  the  improvements  which 
would  aid  navigation  of  the  river  that  had  so  deeply 
moved  her  wonder  and  admiration. 

In  three  columns  of  The  Huntress,  August  7, 
1847,  she  scores  Thomas  H.  Benton  for  arguing  against 
a  grant  of  money  to  improve  the  Mississippi  river 
and  the  harbors  of  the  western  lakes.  Benton  claim- 
ed that  the  government  should  give  aid  only  to  na- 
tional and  not  to  ' '  local  improvements. ' '  At  the  same 
time,  perhaps  to  soften  his  refusal  of  money,  he  de- 


206  ANNE  ROYALL 

livers  a  glowing  panegyric  on  the  "great  West."  Mrs. 
Royall  falls  afoul  of  his  speech. 

"Wonder  if  there  is  a  small  West,"  she  sniffs 
contemptuously.  ' '  Colonel  Benton  has  swapped  some 
of  his  '  I 's '  f  or  '  Me 's. '  Who  would  have  believed  that 
after  admitting  all  this  greatness  of  the  West  that  the. 
Senator  would  come  out  pointedly  against  any  resort 
to  Congress  or  the  Treasury.  We  understand  the 
gentleman.  As  chief  of  the  Demagogues,  he  wants 
all  the  money  in  the  treasury,  both  the  trust  funds 
and  revenue,  to  aid  a  certain  gentleman  to  reach  the 
Presidency,  as  we  shall  show  anon  —  all  '  National. '  ' ' 

Mrs.  Royal  goes  on  to  give  the  following  statis- 
tics concerning  the  receipts  at  New  Orleans  from  the 
upper  country  for  the  year  1846 : 

"Total  77  millions  of  dollars. 

"Steamboats  employed  for  the  trade  of  St.  Louis, 
251. 

"Whole  number  on  Western  rivers,  nearly  1,200, 
valued  at  16  millions,  to  which  are  to  be  added  4,000 
keel  and  flat  boats. 

"Annual  cost  of  transportation,  41  millions. 

"Value  of  the  whole  commerce  afloat,  430  mil- 
lions, being  double  the  amount  of  the  whole  foreign 
commerce  of  the  United  States." 

' '  I  would  be  glad  to  learn, ' '  comments  Mrs.  Royal 
"whether  a  country  yielding  an  annual  treasure  to 
the  amount  stated  above  comes  under  'local'  or  'na- 
tional' subjects?  Whether  this  portion  of  country 
comprising  thirteen  large  states  and  a  large  portion 
of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  New  York  is  not  as 
bona  fide  a  part  of  the  United  States,  as  fully  and 
truly,  as  the  Atlantic  states  where  millions  of  dollars 
have  been  expended  on  rivers  and  harbors?  What  is 
it  that  gives  the  Atlantic  states  the  right  to  draw 


ANNE  ROYALL  207 

money  from  the  treasury  that  the  Western  states  do 
not   possess  ? 

"In  both  cases  applications  are  made  to  Govern- 
ment —  for  what  ?  Why,  to  protect  human  life  and 
property.  The  Atlantic  states  received  it,  the  West- 
ern states  do  not.  Why  not  ?  Because  Senator  Ben- 
ton, Ex-Attorney  Butler  and  a  few  scores  of  others 
say  it  would  be  unnational,  ungenerous  and  every  oth- 
er 'un'  in  the  English  language. 

1 '  The  West  is  refused  redress  on  the  ground  that 
'objects  of  general  national  importance  can  alone 
claim  the  aid  of  the  Federal  government!'  Why? 
Because  Col.  Benton  says  so.  Does  he  call  rivers 
thousands  of  miles  in  length,  and  their  tributaries, 
local  or  sectional?  The  lake  harbors  are  places  of 
shelter  for  vessels  to  discharge  their  cargoes  and  are 
necessarily  connected  with  commerce  connected  with 
the  whole  country.  Does  the  gentleman  mean  to  in- 
sinuate that  the  'Great  West'  is  not  a  part  of  the 
Union  ? 

"Can  Col.  Benton  of  Missouri  have  the  face  to 
injure,  or  attempt  to  injure,  a  country  that  has  shel- 
tered and  honored  him,  as  no  other  ever  did  ?  To  use 
his  own  words,  he  'ought  to  be  viewed  with  scorn.' 
He,  a  man  who  has  all  his  life  been  searching  every 
nook  and  cranny  for  a  Presidency ! ' ' 

Over  and  over  again  in  her  papers,  Mrs.  Royall 
hammers  at  this  subject: 

"It  is  as  clear  as  day  that  the  protection  of  navi- 
gation extends  to  the  Western  lakes  and  rivers.  Navi- 
gation is  navigation  or  it  is  not.  If  it  be  navigation, 
then  it  is  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  U.  S." 

So  anxious  was  the  editor  of  The  Huntress  to  see 
the  Western  rivers  and  lakes  made  wholly  navigable 
that  she  even  invents,  on  paper,  a  machine  for  re- 


208  ANNE  ROYALL 

moving  snags,  derelicts  and  other  obstacles.  In  answ- 
er to  various  objections,  urged  by  Congress,  she  ex- 
claims : 

"A  fiddlestick's  end!  Import  a  ton  of  best  steel, 
get  one  of  your  ENGINEERS,  or  a  common  Black- 
smith, and  tell  them  to  make  an  instrument  something 
in  the  form  of  a  harpoon,  or  something  that  will  '  hold 
on.'  Next,  get  the  strongest  cable  you  can  find, 
fasten  it  to  one  of  your  strongest  steamboats,  and  when 
the  sawyer  pops  up  its  head,  seize  it,  put  on  plenty 
of  steam,  and  pull  away  for  life. 

"Next  pass  a  law  to  send  every  Captain  or  pilot 
to  the  penitentiary  for  the  longest  possible  term  who 
takes  command  of  any  steamboat  unsound  in  wood, 
iron,  castings  or  sails,  or  who  sails  at  night  without 
lights  and  bells.  Every  boat  should  have  a  thun- 
dering big  bell  and  keep  it  ringing  every  dark  night 
until  daylight." 

Significant  testimony  to  the  value  of  the  stern 
training  of  youth  in  our  country's  earlier  days  is 
found  in  the  fact  that  it  was  not  unusual  for  several 
members  of  the  same  family  to  rise  to  distinction  — 
the  Bayards,  Hoars,  the  Websters,  the  Lincolns,  the 
Chandlers,  the  Washburns,  the  Dodges  —  and  others 
—  a  long  roll-call. 

Of  those  remarkable  men,  Henry  Dodge,  of  Wis- 
consin, and  his  son  Augustus  Ceesar  Dodge  of  Iowa, 
Mrs.  Royall  writes: 

' '  There  are  two  of  the  Dodges  in  Congress,  father 
and  son,  the  only  instance,  we  believe,  on  record. 
They  and  the  family  of  Senator  Linn  are  nearly  al- 
lied and  are  from  the  extreme  West,  where  they  have 
lived  and  hunted  the  wild  man,  the  deer  and  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  209 

buffalo,  and  raised  large  families  of  children,  and 
although  old  and  young  have  been  reared  in  the  forest 
shades,  remote  from  those  schools  and  seminaries  of 
refinement,  which  abound  in  the  Atlantic  states  — 
yet  it  will  be  acknowledged  by  all  who  have  the  pleas- 
ure of  their  acquaintance,  that  few  of  the  families 
that  visit  Washington  can  vie  with  them  in  pleasing 
manners,  taste  or  accomplishments.  Above  all,  they 
have  that  high-minded  generosity  which  is  character- 
istic of  the  Western  people.  These  three  families 
form  a  paradise  among  themselves  and  impart  com- 
fort to  all  around  them. 

"Gen.  Henry  Dodge  is  the  brave  man  who  brought 
the  protracted  Black  Hawk  war  to  a  speedy  conclusion, 
which  saved  the  country  some  thousands  of  dollars. 
He  was  the  principal  leader  in  promoting  the  wealth 
and  present  prosperity  of  Wisconsin.  He  was  born 
in  the  West  and  has  always  lived  in  the  West.  His 
son,  Hon.  Augustus  Dodge,  did  the  same  by  Iowa. 
This  noble  scion  of  the  true  Western  blood  is  inde- 
pendent, generous,  high-minded  and  will  yield  to  no 
man  or  party  of  the  Atlantic  states  in  appearance  or 
principle.  We  have  known  both  father  and  son  up- 
wards of  seventeen  years  and  have  never  known  nor 
heard  of  spot  or  blemish  laid  to  their  charge." 

Mr.  Schoolcraft,  the  great  scholar  who  devoted 
his  life  to  a  study  of  the  Indians,  was  much  admired 
by  Mrs.  Royall: 

"Mr.  S.  is  advanced  in  years,  rather  more  than 
middle  age,  with  a  tall,  stout,  comely  figure,  and  a 
still  quiet  countenance,  as  innocent  as  the  sleeping 
babe.  His  fine,  manly  face  is  round  and  placid,  be- 
speaking humility  and  erudition,  while  his  mild,  mod- 
est blue  eye  drops  with  human  kindness.  What  a 
capacious  mind  the  man  must  have ! ' ' 


210  ANNE  ROYALL 

July  25,  1835,  Mrs.  Royall  writes  editorially: 

"Every  true  patriot  must  rejoice  at  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  people  of  Michigan  in  forming  their  state 
constitution.  The  noblest  feature  of  their  constitu- 
tion is  that  'no  religious  test  shall  be  required  of  any 
man  who  may  be  a  candidate  for  office.' 

"We  are  proud  to  see  the  head  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  take  this  bold  stand.  The  Valley  is  now  the 
only  asylum  for  freedom  in  the  true  sense  of  the 
word,  in  the  U.  S." 

Mrs.  Royall  was  quite  willing  that  Oregon  should 
be  settled  but  she  had  no  faith  in  some  of  the  pro- 
moters of  that  project  —  they  were  "too  pious  to  be 
honest,"  in  her  estimation.  The  caste  which  was 
beginning  to  creep  into  the  army  also  offended  her: 

"  'Oregon.'  Our  opinion  is  that  it  is  altogether 
a  humbug,  and  will  turn  out  to  be  a  byway  to  the 
Treasury,  for  the  same  reason,  viz.,  those  who  favor 
settling  it  are  but  little  concerned  for  the  real  good 
of  their  country. 

"  'A  standing  army  for  Oregon?'  It  will  take 
millions  to  find  them  in  silk  stockings,  kid  gloves  and 
champagne,  not  to  mention  carriages  and  oyster  sup- 
pers." 

Again,  in  more  serious  vein,  she  writes : 

"We  are  gratified  to  find  that  Congress  begins  to 
understand  the  vehemence  with  which  this  question 
is  pressed  upon  the  government,  and  that  some  mem- 
bers have  a  knowledge  of  the  sterility  of  that  distant 
territory.  Not  that  our  Government  ought  to  sur- 
render one  inch  of  it  to  any  power  on  earth  provided 
the  title  is  good.  But  to  plunge  hap-hazard  into  a 
war  until  the  true  state  of  the  case  is  ascertained  and 
every  amicable  measure  to  adjust  the  question  fails 
is  madness." 


ANNE  ROYALL  211 

Speaking  of  Edward  Gilbert,  a  delegate  from 
the  new  province  of  California,  Mrs.  Royall  wrote 
indignantly : 

"It  is  with  much  regret,  we  might  say  grief,  that 
we  witness  the  protracted  course  of  Congress  in  re- 
gard to  admitting  California  into  the  Union,  upon 
any  terms  and  trust  to  Providence  for  consequences, 
or  relinquish  their  claim  to  the  settlers  and  let  them 
do  the  best  they  can.  It  is  hard  to  keep  these  worthy 
delegates  [John  C.  Fremont,  Edward  Gilbert,  "Wil- 
liam M.  Gwin,  George  W.  Wright]  as  Senators  and 
Representatives  waiting  here  so  long  in  suspense, 
while  their  adopted  country,  the  richest  in  the  world, 
is  suffering  from  every  species  of  misfortune  and 
crime  for  the  want  of  established  laws." 

Anne  Royall  never  ceased  to  exult  that  she  had 
lived  to  see  the  frontier  reach  the  Pacific. 


CHAPTER  XIII 
Old  Age 

Of  the  hope  deferred  that  maketh  the  heart  sick, 
Anne  Royall  and  her  faithful  Sally  suffered  their 
full  share.  Before  every  session  of  Congress  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  Mrs.  Eoyall  laid  a  petition  for 
a  pension  based  on  the  services  of  her  husband,  Cap- 
tain William  Royall,  in  the  war  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Until  old  age  caused  her  hand  to  trem- 
ble so  that  she  could  not  prepare  a  page  which  seemed 
to  her  neat  enough  to  lay  before  their  honors,  Mrs. 
Royall  wrote  the  petitions,  Sally  carried  them  to  the 
Capitol  and,  almost  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  John 
Quincy  Adams  presented  them  and  used  all  his  influ- 
ence with  committees  to  secure  favorable  action  there- 
on. 

In  time,  Mrs.  Royall 's  claim  became  a  joke  in 
Congress  —  sometimes  a  cruel  joke.  One  day,  a  north- 
ern member,  meeting  her  in  a  corridor,  exclaimed  cor- 
dially: "Ah,  I  am  glad  I  met  you,  Mrs.  Royall,  Hon- 
orable Mr.  S.  wants  to  see  you.  He  is  in  room  6." 
Instantly  elated,  the  old  lady  hurried  to  the  com- 
mittee room  only  to  find  Honorable  Mr.  S.  fast  asleep 
and  snoring  on  a  sofa. 

In  other  ways,  "well-fed  and  better-vianded" 
Congressmen  made  merry  at  old  Mrs.  Royall's  ex- 
pense.    Once  somebody    nominated    her  for  Public 


ANNE  ROYALL  213 

Printer  —  a  jest  which  tickled  the  legislative  sense 
of  humor  immensely.  After  awhile  she  became  the 
"Miss  Flite"  of  the  Capitol.  The  personal  inter- 
views she  sought  were  numberless,  the  letters  she  wrote 
regarding  her  perfectly  just  and  legitimate  claim 
would  fill  a  good-sized  volume.  In  1839  she  wrote 
to  Adams: 

"Washington,  D.  C. 

"Hon.  J.  Q.  Adams,  "Sept  20th'  1839' 

"Most  Valued  Friend, 

"Once  more  I  trouble  you  with  a  petition  to 
Congress.  To  you  who  have  known  me  since  the  first 
week  I  came  to  this  city,  it  must  be  painful  to  see 
my  unsuccessful  but  unwearying  struggles  to  obtain 
my  money  from  Congress,  whilst  millions  of  dollars, 
session  after  session,  are  appropriated  to  objects  of 
doubtful  utility. 

"I  have  the  honor  to  be  sir, 

'Your  grateful  friend, 

"Anne  Royall. 
"N.   B.     I   should   be   happy,   if  convenient   to 
you,  sir,  to  let  the  petition  be  the  first  offered  this 
morning. ' ' 

In  that  pathetic  postscript  were  condensed  the 
hopes  and  disappointments,  the  privations  and  the 
needs  of  many  long,  hard  years.  Among  the  objects 
of  "doubtful  utility"  which  irritated  Mrs.  Royall, 
waiting  in  vain  for  the  payment  of  a  debt  which  the 
government  certainly  owed  her  husband,  was  the  re- 
peated removal  of  the  Greenough  statue  of  Wash- 
ington in  and  out  and  all  around  the  Capitol  before 
it  was  at  last  placed  at  the  east  front.     She  writes : 

' '  The  thousands  of  dollars  which  have  been  spent 
in  carting  that  statue  around  would  have  supported 


214  ANNE  ROYALL 

an  aged  revolutionary  widow  in  comfort  for  the  re- 
mainder of  her  life." 

This  statue,  which  seems  always  to  have  been 
something  of  a  white  elephant  on  the  hands  of  the 
government  is  finally,  in  1908,  to  be  permanently 
retired. 

The  excuses  of  legislators  for  not  getting  pension 
bills  on  the  calendar  were  also  hard  for  the  two  pov- 
erty-stricken women  to  bear :  ' '  They  won 't  have  time 
they  fear  to  get  a  pension  bill  through  this  session. 
The  mischief  they  won't.  They  have  done  nothing. 
What  have  they  done?  Nothing  but  to  put  through 
one  bill  voting  extra  pay  for  themselves.  They  never 
will  have  time  while  they  continue  talking  and  never 
acting. ' ' 

In  her  efforts  to  obtain  a  pension  everything 
worked  against  Mrs.  Royall  from  the  first.  The  offi- 
cial records  of  her  husband's  military  services,  pre- 
served in  the  court-house  at  Richmond,  were  lost  in 
the  great  Richmond  fire.  Testimony,  however,  that 
Royall  did  serve  in  the  army  as  claimed  by  his  widow 
came  in  abundance  from  his  junior  fellow-officers, 
from  judges,  governors,  congressmen,  and  from  Lafa- 
yette, under  whom  Royall  served.  But  the  fact  that 
certain  papers  tied  with  red  tape  were  missing  was 
enough  to  serve  Mrs.  Royall's  enemies.  Church  and 
State  men  and  Anti-Masons  whom  she  had  flayed  were 
not  slow  in  pointing  out  to  their  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives that  there  was,  extant,  no  official  record  of 
William  Royall's  military  services.  To  legislators 
whose  fences  were  weak  this  hint  was  enough.     They 


ANNE  ROYALL  215 

knew  how  to  vote  when  Mrs.  Roy  all's  pension  bill 
came  up. 

Furthermore,  Mrs.  Royall  was  not  married  until 
1797.  By  the  statute  of  limitations  pensions  could  be 
granted  only  to  widows  married  before  1794.  A  less 
powerful  advocate,  too,  than  John  Quincy  Adams 
would  have  better  served  her  interest.  Any  measure, 
no  matter  how  trivial,  introduced  by  Adams  was  sure 
to  be  downed  by  the  Jackson  men.  Small  wonder, 
then,  in  view  of  all  handicaps,  that  the  Index  to  Pub- 
lic Documents  (bulkiest  and  saddest  of  volumes) 
should  contain  nearly  a  full  page  of  bills  under  Mrs. 
Royall's  name  each  marked,  "Adversely  Reported." 

Two  points,  however,  are  most  significant  in  ev- 
ery one  of  these  official  reports:  First,  that  the  val- 
idity of  Mrs.  Royall's  marriage  is  accepted;  second, 
the  admission  that  William  Royall  did  serve  in  the 
Virginia  continental  line  as  claimed.  The  following 
report  of  a  committee  is  a  fair  reproduction,  so  far 
as  these  two  vital  points  are  concerned,  of  nearly 
every  report  made  upon  Mrs.  Royall's  pension.  The 
italics  are  the  biographer's: 

"27th  Congress  Rep.  No.  796  450 

"2nd  Session  H.  of  Reps. 

"Widow  of  Captain  William  Royall,  deceased. 

"To  accompany  Bill  H.  R.  No.  450,  May  26,  1842. 

"Mr.  Fornance,  of  the  Committee  on  Revolution- 
ary Pensions,  submitted  the  following: 

"The  Committee  on  Revolutionary  Pensions  to 
whom  was  referred  the  petition  of  Anne  Royall  report : 

' '  That  the  Committee  have  carefully  examined  the 
claim  of  the  petitioner,  who  is  the  widow  of  Major 
William  Royall,  an  officer  in  the  army  of  the  Ameri- 


216  ANNE  ROYALL 

can  Revolution.  This  claim  with  all  the  evidence  and 
papers,  has  been  before  Congress  for  some  years,  and 
has  been  reported  adversely  several  times.  At  the 
26th  Congress,  Mr.  Bond,  from  the  Committee  on 
Revolutionary  Pensions,  reported  that  the  l evidence 
submitted  fully  establishes  the  alleged  service  of  the 
said  William  Royall,  and  it  is  satisfactorily  proved 
that  the  petitioner  is  his  widow.' 

' '  The  marriage,  however,  was  not  solemnized  until 
the  month  of  November,  1797,  and  consequently  is  not 
embraced  within  the  provisions  of  the  present  pension 
laws,  which  do  not  include  cases  of  marriage  after 
1794.  The  Committee  deem  it  inexpedient  to  extend 
the  provisions  of  the  law  thus  referred  to,  and  there- 
fore, report  against  the  prayer  of  the  petitioner. 

"Notwithstanding  these  adverse  reports,  however, 
the  fact  has  ever  been  admitted  that  William  Royall 
served  as  Captain  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  suffering 
many  privations  without  compensation ;  Tliat  the  pe- 
titioner was  married  to  him  previous  to  the  year  1798, 
and  that  she  is  now  his  widow.  As  many  applica- 
tions have  been  made  to  extend  the  pension  laws  with 
reference  to  widows  who  married  previous  to  1798, 
this  Committee,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  opin- 
ion of  the  House,  report  a  bill  granting  to  Anne 
Royall  a  half-pay  pension  for  ten  years." 

Great  was  the  joy  of  the  two  poor  women  over 
this  favorable  report.  Castles  in  the  air  rose  at  once. 
Sally  should  see  Niagara  Falls  —  her  favorite  dream. 
Mrs.  Royall,  for  the  first  time  since  her  earliest  widow- 
hood, would  buy  an  entirely  new  suit.  Sally  insisted 
on  that  expenditure.  The  small  boys  who  helped 
about  the  printing-press  were  promised  a  half  holiday 
at  the  theater.  Debts  were  to  be  paid  and  new  ones 
were  never  to  be  contracted.  Maintenance  for  old  age 
was  assured  —  a  country  home  possible.       No  more 


ANNE  ROYALL  217 

fear  of  the  poor-house  when  their  busy  fingers  could 
no  longer  work. 

But  all  this  rejoicing  was  premature.  The  bill 
failed.  Mrs.  Royall's  dismay  overflowed  into  the  col- 
umns of  The  Huntress.  Speaking  editorially,  she 
says : 

"Poor  Sally!  Her  disappointment  pierced  my 
heart.  Her  face  fell  and  she  burst  into  tears.  We 
do  not  mind  so  much  for  ourselves.  We  are  used  to 
privation  and  can  live  on  bread  and  water  if  need 
be.     Whatever  happens,  our  paper  shall  not  stop." 

In  1848,  when  Mrs.  Royall  was  in  her  eightieth 
year,  a  law  was  passed  granting  pensions  to  widows 
of  Revolutionary  soldiers  married  after  1794.  Under 
this  act  Mrs.  Royall  was  entitled  to  ten  years  back 
pay  which  would  have  given  her  an  annual  pension 
of  $480.  Very  foolishly,  however,  she  chose  to  accept, 
in  lieu  of  the  pension,  a  lump  sum  of  full  pay  for 
five  years.  By  the  provisions  of  the  bill,  as  finally 
amended,  other  legal  heirs  were  allowed  to  share  the 
money  equally  with  the  widow  of  the  Revolutionary 
soldier.  The  result  was  that  Mrs.  Royall  was  no  bet- 
ter off  after  she  received  the  money  from  the  govern- 
ment than  she  was  before.     She  says: 

"The  heirs  at  law  took  half  our  commutation 
money  and  every  dollar  of  the  remainder  we  owed  to 
those  who  had  trusted  us  (the  dear  people).  We  kept 
three  dollars  and  Sally  got  seven  out  of  the  $1,200." 

The  main  debt  was  for  her  printing-press  —  a 
larger,  second-hand  one  lately  installed.  She  also  owed 
for  printing-paper  and  type. 

The  winter  that  followed  was  a  bitter  one  in 
Washington.     Snow  fell  frequently  and  the  cold  was 


218  ANNE  ROYALL 

unprecedented.     Mrs.  Royall  apologizes  for  the  ap- 
pearance of  one  issue  of  The  Huntress : 

1 '  Our  paper  has  looked  bad  —  worse  than  ever 
since  March  set  in  owing  to  the  intensity  of  the 
weather  which  has  been  the  coldest  and  the  longest 
in  duration  which  we  have  ever  experienced  —  and  we 
have  felt  it  keenly  —  since  our  recollection.  The  office 
of  The  Huntress  is  the  poorest  apology  for  a  house 
that  ever  a  paper  was  worked  off  in,  being  little  better 
than  the  open  air.  The  present  snow  was  as  deep  in 
the  press-room  almost  as  in  the  open  field.  This,  and 
the  vilest  paper  —  so  thin  that  it  would  not  bear  its 
own  weight  when  wet,  to  say  nothing  of  its  freezing 
on  the  form  which  we  were  obliged  to  heat  with 
hot  bricks,  and  hang  old  quilts  around  the  gaping 
walls  —  with  our  old  type  and  none  but  little  boys 
to  help  print,  it's  a  wonder  we  get  on  at  all." 

At  this  juncture  that  good  man,  Mr.  Gales  of  the 
Intelligencer  came  to  old  Mrs.  Royall's  rescue.  Mr. 
Gales,  unlike  some  other  big  men,  bore  no  grudge 
against  the  old  lady  for  her  former  attacks  upon  him- 
self or  his  policy.  He  gave  orders  to  his  foreman  to 
supply  the  struggling  octogenarian  with  all  the  paper 
she  wanted,  at  any  time  she  wanted  it,  free  of  cost. 
Meeting  her  in  the  street  one  day  when  the  weather 
was  freezing,  Mr.  Gales  slipped  a  five  dollar  bill  into 
Mrs.  Royall's  hand  and  told  her  to  buy  herself  a  pair 
of  warm  shoes  with  it. 

"It  was  the  very  last  bill  in  Mr.  Gales 's  pocket- 
book,  too,"  she  writes,  gratefully. 

By  the  advice  of  a  lawyer,  Mrs.  Royall  was  soon 
again  before  Congress  asking  for  the  payment  of  the 
interest  on  the  debt  due  her  husband.  But  Congres- 
sional patience  was  at  an  end.     Her  petition  received 


ANNE  ROYALL  219 

no  attention.  Poverty  pressed  her  hard.  During 
these  closing  years  of  her  life  Mrs.  Royall  was  often 
forced  to  beg.  But  she  never  felt  that  she  was  beg- 
ging. She  believed  that  her  little  newspaper,  offered 
in  exchange,  was  a  fair  equivalent  for  what  she  re- 
ceived. Also,  she  felt  that  a  soldier's  widow  was 
entitled  to  a  living.  She  was  of  too  independent  a 
nature  to  beg  gracefully.  When  Amos  Kendall  sent 
her  a  load  of  wood  she  told  him  he  ought  to  have  sent 
her  a  cord.  She  meant,  she  explains,  that  he,  as  a 
servant  of  the  government,  had  received  large  fees 
for  a  long  period  of  years  while  she,  the  widow  of  a 
man  who  had  helped  build  that  government,  was  treat- 
ed in  a  niggardly  manner. 

The  Masons,  the  Unitarians,  the  Catholics,  and 
the  Hebrews  in  "Washington  were  still  kind  to  old  Mrs. 
Royall.  Actors,  too,  were  her  friends,  notably,  Man- 
ager Jefferson,  father  of  that  kindest-hearted  of  ac- 
tors, Joseph  Jefferson.  Upon  one  occasion,  though, 
Mr.  Jefferson  was  unable  to  carry  out  her  wishes. 
He  had  accepted  a  play  she  wrote  but  was  unable,  be- 
cause of  adverse  local  sentiment  against  her,  to  pro- 
duce it. 

The  first  presentation  of  the  play  was  advertised 
to  take  place  in  a  theater.  Tickets  sold  briskly  and, 
at  the  time  appointed,  a  good-sized  audience  had  gath- 
ered at  the  door.  But  the  theater  was  dark.  An 
agent  appeared  and  informed  the  waiting  crowd  that 
no  performance  would  take  place,  and  that  money 
already  paid  for  tickets  would  be  refunded  next  day. 
Mrs.  Royall  and  her  friends  were  thunder-struck.  But 
the  mystery  was  soon  explained.     Ecclesiastical  and 


220  ANNE  ROYALL 

Anti-Masonic  influences  brought  to  bear  on  the  owner 
of  the  building  had  induced  him  to  forbid  the  produc- 
tion therein  of  any  play  written  by  that  "old  infidel, 
Anne  Roy  all. " 

The  Masons,  however,  came  forward  and  took 
the  matter  up,  offering  Mrs.  Royall  the  use  of  their 
hall.  Unluckily,  the  night  of  her  benefit  proved  very 
stormy  and  receipts  were  small  in  consequence.  The 
play  is  lost  but  the  Prospectus  has  been  preserved : 

"MASONIC  HALL 

"GREAT     ATTRACTION,     POSITIVELY     THE 

LAST  NIGHT  OF  THE  CABINET,  OR 

LARGE  PARTIES  IN  WASHINGTON. 

' '  For  the  benefit  of  the  Poor 

"Thursday  evening,  March  21, 

"Will  be  presented  (by  desire)  and  positively  for  the 

last  time,  the  Comedy  in  three  acts  written  by 

MRS.  ANNE  ROYALL  entitled  'The  Cabinet 

or  Large  Parties  in  Washington. ' 

"CAST 

Williams Mr.  Gibson 

Jedidiah   Ploughshare Alexander 

Paperkite Hamilton 

Dennis Hoburg 

Famish  Gibson 

Parson    Sneak Marll 

Mrs.  Foolscap Vurkhard 

Legible A.  A.  Alexander 

Furnish    Smith 

Miss  Davis Grouard 

"Ladies  and  gentlemen,  Police  Officers. 

"Previous  to  which  the  farce  of  'Fortune's  Fro- 
lics.' 

"Recitation. 

"For  Characters  see  small  bills. 


ANNE  ROYALL  221 

"Tickets  reduced  to  twenty-five  cents  to  be  had 
at  Alexander's  and  at  Blackwell's,  Congress  Hall,  also 
at  the  door  on  the  evening  of  the  Performance. 
Doors  open  at  half  past  six.  Performance  to  com- 
mence at  half  past  seven." 

It  was  unfortunate  for  Mrs.  Royall's  posthumous 
reputation  that,  along  toward  the  close  of  her  life, 
special  correspondents  began  pouring  into  Washing- 
ton. The  funny  little  old  woman,  trotting  through 
the  corridors  of  the  Capitol,  waylaying  congressmen, 
made  amusing  "copy"  when  news  was  scarce.  Anne 
Royall's  bitterly  poor  old  age  has  contributed  a  face- 
tious paragraph  to  nearly  every  book  that  has  been 
written  about  early  Washington.  The  tradition  of 
her  trial  as  a  common  scold  gave  the  key-note.  Her 
quick  tongue  did  the  rest.  Anne  Royall  was  probably 
one  of  the  first  persons  in  the  United  States  to  whom 
the  term  "crank"  was  applied.  John  Quincy  Adams's 
entertaining  description  of  her  as  "a  virago  errant 
in  enchanted  armor"  was  gleefully  quoted  in  spite  of 
the  well-known  fact  that  John  Quincy  Adams  could 
never,  even  in  state  papers,  restrain  his  pen  from 
turning  a  clever  phrase.  Moreover,  at  the  date  of 
that  utterance  Adams  was  catering  to  the  Anti-Ma- 
sons for  votes.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Adams  really 
liked  and  respected  the  courageous  woman. 

But  Amos  Kendall,  Prince  of  American  diplo- 
mats, did  not  like  Anne  Royall.  More  than  once,  in 
her  newspapers,  Mrs.  Royall  exposed  plans  which  the 
' '  brains ' '  of  the  Jackson  administration  —  Blair  and 
Kendall  —  wished  kept  secret.  No  ferret  was  ever 
keener  after  rats  than  Mrs.  Royall  on  the  scent  of 


222  ANNE  ROYALL 

political  plots.  In  later  life,  too,  Mr.  Kendall  became 
affiliated  with  the  Evangelical  element  in  Washington 
which  regarded  the  author  of  the  Black  Books  with 
horror.  Of  Amos  Kendall,  Harriet  Martineau,  in  her 
Retrospect  of  Western  Travel,  writes: 

"He  is  supposed  to  be  the  moving  spring  of  the 
whole  administration  —  the  thinker,  planner  and  doer ; 
but  it  is  all  in  the  dark.  Documents  are  issued  of  an 
excellence  which  prevents  their  being  attributed  to 
the  persons  who  take  the  responsibility  of  them ;  a 
correspondence  is  kept  up  all  over  the  country  for 
which  no  one  seems  answerable;  work  is  done  of 
goblin  extent  and  goblin  speed,  which  makes  men 
wonder ;  and  the  invisible  Amos  Kendall  has  the  credit 
of  it  all." 

In  his  power  to  choose  just  the  right  word  to 
create  prejudice  without  much  departing  from  facts 
in  a  description,  Amos  Kendall  is  without  a  paralell 
in  American  literature.  This  remarkable  gift  (and 
Kendall  almost  ranks  here  with  Swift  and  Machievelli) 
made  him  an  enormous  power  in  politics  for  many 
years.  Kendall's  paragraph  about  Anne  Royall  is 
somewhat  characteristic  of  his  style : 

"There  was  living  in  Washington  at  that  time,  a 
singular  woman  named  Anne  Royall,  the  widow  of 
Captain  Royall,  of  the  United  States  Army.  She  was 
homely  in  person,  careless  in  dress,  poor  in  purse  and 
vulgar  in  manners.  But  she  had  a  tolerable  educa- 
tion, much  shrewdness,  and  respectable  talents.  She 
procured  her  subsistence  by  publishing  books  in  which 
she  praised  extravagantly  those  who  bought  her  books 
or  gave  her  money,  and  abused  without  measure  those 
who  refused  or  in  any  way  incurred  her  displeasure. 


ANNE  ROYALL  223 

Some,  through  love  of  flattery,  and  more  through  fear 
of  abuse,  contributed  to  her  support.  She  owned  and 
edited  two  small  papers,  Paul  Pry  and  The  Huntress. ' ' 

Many  of  the  assertions  in  that  picture  are  true. 
Yet,  by  adroit  use  of  terms  like  "singular,"  "vulgar 
manner,"  "tolerable,"  "shrewdness,"  "incurred  her 
displeasure,"  "gave  her  money,"  "contributed  to  her 
support, ' '  etc.  —  by  putting  those  terms  just  as  they 
are  put  an  unkind  and  unfair  impression  is  conveyed. 
Mrs.  Royall  was  not  "homely  in  person,"  neither  was 
she  ever  "careless  in  dress"  in  the  sense  of  not  being 
perfectly  neat.  The  impression  is  given  that  abuse 
for  incurring  "her  displeasure"  was  a  purely  person- 
al revenge  for  a  personal  insult.  There  is  no  word 
of  her  attitude  toward  Anti-Masonry  and  hell-fire 
theology  —  the  two  causes  of  her  bitterest  invective. 
It  may  also  be  noted  that  Mr.  Kendall  passes  very 
lightly  over  the  agencies  which,  whether  she  was  loved 
or  hated,  made  Anne  Royall  a  power  throughout  the 
country  for  many  years  —  her  small  but  vigorous 
newspapers.  Amos  Kendall  was  a  great  man  and  a 
good  man  —  a  man  whose  memory  deserves,  and  re- 
ceives, reverence.  But  even  a  good  and  a  great  man 
may  harbor  a  prejudice.  That  Mr.  Kendall  was 
prejudiced  against  Mrs.  Royall  is  evident. 

In  1852  Mrs.  Royall  lost  by  death  her  oldest  and, 
probably,  her  closest  friend  in  Washington,  Father 
William  Matthews,  of  Saint  Patrick's  Catholic  church. 
She  mourned  him  loyally.  Only  a  few  friends  were 
left  her  now. 

In  1854,  because  of  poverty  and  failing  strength, 
she  was  obliged  to  contract  The  Huntress  to  the  size 


224  ANNE  ROYALL 

of  a  child's  paper  —  four  pages,  six  by  eight  inches. 
Few  women  eighty-five  years  of  age  could  fill  even  so 
small  a  newspaper  as  well  as  Mrs.  Royall  filled  hers. 
Fewer  still,  at  so  advanced  an  age,  would  have  started 
out  on  a  third  journalistic  venture  with  such  resolute 
cheer.     June  24,  1854,  she  says,  editorially : 

' '  We  issue  today  the  first  number  of  the  new  series 
of  The  Huntress,  having  put  ourselves  to  much  ex- 
pense in  purchasing  larger  and  more  legible  type, 
rules,  etc.  In  our  next  number  we  shall  have  re-set 
our  former  advertisements,  and  shall  issue  the  paper 
promptly  every  week.  We  tender  our  thanks  to  our 
friends  for  their  support  and  shall  strive  to  merit  their 
approbation  in  future.  We  are  getting  strong  and 
feel  as  blithe  and  gay  as  ever,  and  Sally  is  looking 
much  better." 

The  leading  article  of  the  first  number  is  on  "  The 
National  Era  and  the  Riot  at  Boston."  The  editor 
quotes  from  the  Boston  Journal  an  account  of  the  in- 
tense excitement  in  the  Bay  state  over  the  attempt  to 
remand  the  negro,  Burns,  to  his  owner  Captain  Suttle. 
Mrs.  Royall  reiterates  that  she  does  not  object  to  the 
abolition  of  slavery  but  to  the  use  that  is  made  of  the 
question  of  abolition  which,  she  declares,  is  only  a 
cloak  for  the  Church  and  State  party. 

The  second  number  of  the  new  Huntress  is  also 
hopeful  in  tone.  Mrs.  Royall  has  just  made  a  visit 
(her  last,  it  proved  to  be)  to  the  White  House.  Pres- 
ident Franklin  Pierce  is  the  subject  of  Anne  Royall 's 
last  pen-portrait : 

"For  the  first  time  since  he  has  been  President, 
we  have  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  patriot  and 
statesman,  Franklin  Pierce  a  few  days  ago.     He  look- 


ANNE  ROYALL  225 

ed  stout  and  healthy  but  rather  pale.  His  counten- 
ance used  to  be  gay  and  full  of  vivacity  when  he  was 
a  Senator  in  Congress  several  years  ago,  but  now  it 
wears  a  calm  and  dignified  composure,  tinctured  with 
a  pleasing  melancholy.  His  fine  blue  eye  is  still  bright 
while  his  deep,  placid  forehead  clearly  bespeaks  the 
mind  of  the  man  who  has  won  the  admiration  of  his 
countrymen  by  his  independence  and  strict  political 
integrity.  His  soft  and  pleasing  voice  is  attuned  to 
melody  itself,  and  his  engaging  manners  readily  cap- 
tivate the  beholder,  though  he  rarely  smiles.  We 
could  not  refrain  from  dropping  a  tear  when  he  spoke 
to  us  of  his  lady,  after  whose  health  we  inquired.  The 
sad  bereavement  she  met  with  in  the  sudden  loss  of 
her  only  and  beloved  boy  has  shadowed  the  bright 
walks  which  surround  the  Presidential  Mansion  which 
erst  were  beaming  with  sunshine  and  joy.  We  shall 
leave  Franklin  Pierce  on  his  retirement  from  office 
with  pleasing  remembrances  and  feelings  of  regret." 

But  the  flickering  physical  strength  of  the  aged 
woman  could  not  long  keep  up  with  her  unwaning 
brain-energy.  The  summer  of  1854  was  intensely  hot 
in  Washington.  July  2,  Mrs.  Royall  issued  the  num- 
ber of  The  Huntress  which  (although  she  did  not  know 
it)  was  to  be  her  Valedictory.  After  analyzing  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill  with  all  her  old-time  vigor  of 
language,  she  expresses  regret,  in  another  column,  that, 
because  of  illness  she  was  unable  to  attend  Dr.  John 
Lord's  historical  lecture  the  night  before.  She  does 
fairly  well  in  tearing  Mr.  Lord's  theology  to  pieces 
but  evidently  feels  that  she  might  be  more  destructive 
had  she  listened  to  his  lecture. 

In  the  last  editorial  she  ever  wrote  she  says : 

"We  trust  in  Heaven  for  three  things:  First, 
that  Members  may  give  us  the  means  to  pay  for  this 


226  ANNE  ROYALL 

paper  —  perhaps  three  or  four  cents  a  Member  —  a 
few  of  them  are  behindhand  in  their  subscriptions,  but 
the  fault  is  not  theirs;  it  was  owing  to  Sally's  sick- 
ness. Others  again,  have  paid  us  from  two  to  six 
dollars.  Our  printer  is  a  poor  man.  We  have  only 
thirty-one  cents  in  the  world,  and  for  the  first  time 
since  we  have  resided  in  this  city  —  thirty-one  years  — 
we  were  unable  to  pay  our  last  month's  rent.  Had 
not  our  landlord  been  one  of  the  best  of  men  we  should 
have  been  stript  by  this  time;  but  we  shall  get  that 
from  our  humble  friends. 

' '  Second,  that  Washington  may  escape  that  dread- 
ful scourge,  the  cholera.  Our  third  prayer  is  (and 
these  were  Anne  Rovall's  last  printed  words)  that  the 
UNION  OF  THESE  STATES  MAY  BE  ETERN- 
AL." 

Quietly,  almost  painlessly,  old  Mrs.  Royall  died 
the  first  day  of  October,  1854.  The  world  had  run 
by  her.  Washington  papers  announced  her  death 
only  by  the  following  curt  notice : 

"Yesterday  morning,  the  first  inst.,  Mrs.  Anne 
Royall,  at  a  very  advanced  age.  Her  funeral  will  take 
place  this  afternoon  at  3  o'clock  from  her  late  resi- 
dence on  B  St.  and  Capitol  Hill,  where  her  acquain- 
tances are  respectfully  invited  to  attend  without  fur- 
ther notice." 

Next  day  the  Intelligencer  contained  two  columns 
reviewing  the  life  and  works  of  Madame  De  Sevigne. 
Of  the  able  American  woman  whose  Avhole  life's 
thought  was  given  to  her  country's  welfare  not  one 
word  was  spoken. 

In  the  Congressional  cemetery,  surrounded  by  the 
cenotaphs  of  many  of  the  men  who  in  life  feared  or 
courted  her  pen,  almost  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the 


ANNE  ROYALL  227 

great  white  dome  toward  which  her  heart-strings  and 
her  brain-fibers  were  ever  turning  —  Anne  Royall, 
war-worn  widow  of  a  gallant  officer  of  the  American 
Revolution,  lies  forgotten  in  a  sunken,  unmarked 
grave. 


CHAPTER  XIV 
Conclusion 

A  man  who  reads  everything  that  he  can  lay  his 
hands  on  relating  to  the  history  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  knows  Mrs.  Royall  's  writings  well,  has  said : 

' '  After  all,  when  one  studies  the  causes  for  which 
she  stood  one  cannot  help  feeling  that  the  old  lady  was 
about  right  on  every  question  she  tackled." 

There  is  much  truth  in  that  homely  judgment. 
Summarized,  the  main  causes  for  which  Anne  Royall 
fought  were : 

Entire  separation  of  Church  and  State,  in  letter 
and  spirit. 

Exposure  and  punishment  of  corrupt  officials. 

Sound  money. 

Public  schools,  everywhere,  wholly  free  from  reli- 
gious bias  or  control. 

Freemasonry. 

Justice  to  the  Indians. 

Liberal  immigration  laws. 

Transportation  of  Sunday  mails. 

Internal  improvements. 

Territorial  expansion. 

Liberal  appropriations  for  scientific  investigation. 

Just  tariff  laws  —  no  nullification. 

States'  Rights  in  regard  to  the  slavery  question. 


ANNE  KOYALL  229 

The  abolition  of  flogging  in  the  Navy. 

Betterment  of  condition  of  wage-earners. 

Free  thought,  free  speech  and  a  free  press. 

Good  works  instead  of  long  prayers. 

How  much  this  pioneer  woman  journalist  really 
accomplished  for  any  or  for  all  these  causes  is  a 
matter  of  secondary  importance.  The  significant  fact 
is  that,  for  more  than  thirty  years,  Anne  Royall  was 
a  Voice,  a  strident  Voice,  crying  out  for  national  right- 
eousness —  at  a  time,  too,  when  nearly  all  other  Amer- 
ican women  of  the  pen  were  uttering  themselves  in 
sentimental  verse  or  milk  and  water  prose. 

Mrs.  Royall 's  manner  of  presenting  her  arguments 
against  men,  measures  and  institutions  which,  in  her 
opinion,  menaced  Democracy  was  often  abominably 
offensive.  Anything  more  disagreeable  than  portions 
of  the  Black  Book  and  some  of  the  earlier  numbers  of 
Paul  Pry  it  would  be  hard  to  find  in  print.  Mrs. 
Royall  sadly  lacked  the  training  of  the  schools.  Her 
mental  faculties  had  been  sharpened  but  they  were 
never  disciplined.  She  lacked  mental  poise  and  coher- 
ency. Her  points  were  seldom  logically  arranged  in  a 
manner  to  secure  an  effective  and  convincing  climax. 
There  is  an  undue  proportion  of  chaff  to  wheat  in  all 
her  writings.  But  the  wheat  is  there.  Even  now  her 
diatribes  concerning  long  dead  issues  hold  a  reader's 
attention.  "When  those  issues  were  alive  and  burning 
curiosity  was  widespread  to  see  what  the  irrespressible 
Mrs.  Royall  would  say  next. 

Every  legislator  of  her  era  who  kept  his  ear  to 
the  ground  knew  that  Mrs.  Royall's  influence  was 
not  to  be  despised.     Public  men,  almost  without  ex- 


230  ANNE  ROYALL 

ception,  spoke  her  fair.  Her  books  and  papers  reached 
every  city,  town  and  village  ir  the  United  States. 
They  were  read  alike  by  friend  and  by  foe.  They 
influenced  that  most  important  class  in  any  age  or 
country,  the  free-thinking  minority  of  today  which 
is  sure  to  become  the  majority  of  tomorrow. 

Mrs.  Royall  lacked  spiritual  insight,  calm  judg- 
ment, culture,  and  the  tact  that  comes  from  habitual 
association  with  the  gently-bred.  In  many  respects 
she  was  the  child  of  her  time  —  a  period  of  national 
swagger  in  the  United  States,  of  unspeakably  bad  art 
and  manners,  of  provincial  thought  and  prejudice,  of 
acrimonious  discussion  and  disagreeably  insistent, 
though  deep  and  sincere,  patriotism.  The  significant 
thing  about  Anne  Royall  —  what  makes  her  worth  re- 
membering —  is  the  fact  that,  though  typical  of  her 
time  she  yet,  both  in  her  private  and  in  her  public  life, 
often  rose  above  the  standards  and  practice  of  that 
time. 

In  her  private  life,  Anne  Royall  obeyed  the  pre- 
cepts of  the  Founder  of  that  Christianity  which  she 
was  accused  of  denying.  She  visited  those  who  were 
sick  and  in  prison;  out  of  her  scanty  means,  no  less 
than  in  the  days  of  her  abundance,  she  fed  the  hungry 
and  clothed  the  naked ;  she  gave  shelter  to  the  homeless 
widow  and  orphan  and  took  the  outcast  Magdalen  to 
her  arms. 

The  great  natural  law  of  Reform,  using  unafraid 
human  souls  as  its  agents,  works  ceaselessly,  surely, 
relentlessly,  throughout  the  ages.  Every  man  or  wo- 
man who  makes  even  a  small  break  in  the  crust  of 
useless  custom  and  harmful  prejudice  is  a  Reformer. 


ANNE  ROYALL  231 

Anne  Royall,  in  her  day  and  generation,  made  many 
such  breaches.  The  woman's  courage  was  fine.  Her 
aim  was  single  —  the  preservation  of  that  government 
which  was  a  part  of  her  very  existence.  Patriotism 
was  the  ruling  passion  of  her  life.  A  map  of  the 
United  States  filled  the  entire  field  of  her  mental 
vision.  Born  into  the  horrors  of  border  warfare,  Anne 
Royall  witnessed  three  wars  and  anxiously  scanned  the 
black  storm-clouds  gathering  for  a  fourth.  The  loyal, 
proud,  and  loving  allegiance  of  a  lifetime  is  expressed 
in  her  last  yearning  cry,  "I  pray  that  the  Union  of 
these  States  may  be  eternal. ' ' 

The  jeers  of  her  enemies  have  pursued  Anne 
Royall  beyond  the  grave.  Only  one  good  word  has 
been  spoken  for  her  by  any  modern  writer.  But  that 
good  word  comes  from  a  high  source  —  from  the  ac- 
complished scholar  to  whom,  while  other  librarians 
come  and  other  librarians  go,  the  beautiful  great  Li- 
brary of  Congress  on  Capitol  Hill  in  Washington  will 
ever  remain  a  fitting  and  deserved  monument  — 
AINSWORTH  R.  SPOFFORD. 

In  a  valuable  article  on  Early  Journalism  in 
Washington,  Dr.  Spofford  says  of  Mrs.  Royall : 

"That  she  was  regarded  as  a  horrid  creature  by 
many  is  most  true.  But  it  is  equally  true  that  Anne 
Royall  had  many  friends  wherever  she  went,  and  that 
she  was  not  without  kindliness  and  even  charity.  The 
world 's  judgment  of  erratic  persons  who  become  prom- 
inent in  any  age  is  apt  to  be  severe,  but  a  more  impar- 
tial judgment  holds  in  fair  balance  the  good  and  the 
evil  in  human  character,  and  refuses  to  condemn  too 
harshly  the  struggling  and  industrious  woman  who,  in 
a  ruder  age  than  ours,  conquered  adversity  and  ate 
her  hard-earned  bread  in  the  sweat  of  her  brow." 


Appendices 


Appendices 

The  main  purpose  of  the  following  concordance 
to  Mrs.  Royall's  writings  is  to  furnish  a  possible 
source  of  information  to  persons  interested  in  the 
social,  political,  aesthetic,  intellectual  and  moral  de- 
velopment of  life  in  the  United  States.  No  claim 
is  made  that  this  source  is  lofty.  But  Jansen  in  Ger- 
many, Green  in  England,  and  McMasters  in  the 
United  States  have  proved  conclusively  that  the  tal- 
low-dip of  the  common  man's  experience  is  an  histor- 
ical light  not  to  be  despised.  A  significant  sign  of 
the  humanistic  tendency  of  the  present  day  is  that 
the  history  most  eagerly  read  deals  almost  wholly 
with  the  daily  environment  and  the  manner  of  living 
of  the  average  multitude,  and  with  the  personalities 
of  the  men  and  women  to  whom  that  average  multi- 
tude yielded  more  or  less  voluntary  intellectual  alle- 
giance. As  a  chronicler,  Anne  Royall  possesses  points 
valuable  to  the  historian  and  student.  She  was  a 
comprehensive  observer.  Nothing  objective  ever  es- 
caped her  forest-trained  eye.  She  was  honest.  She 
had  a  man 's  liking  for  accurate  information  about  the 
manner  in  which  things  were  done  and  made.  When- 
ever possible,  she  verified  statements.  She  always 
went  to  headquarters  for  information.  She  delighted 
in  the  multiplication  of  buildings  as  the  country  grew. 


236  APPENDICES 

She  loved  to  gather  statistics.  Hence  her  descriptions 
of  places  are  trustworthy. 

As  to  her  pen-portraits,  they  are  usually  correct 
as  far  as  physical  characteristics  are  concerned. 
Whenever  she  makes  an  error,  she  apologizes  therefor 
later,  after  this  wise:  "We  owe  the  honorable  Senator 
S.  an  apology  for  swapping  his  black  eyes  for  blue 
ones  in  our  last  issue.  The  light  in  the  Capitol  was  so 
poor  that  day  that  portraiture  was  unusually  diffi- 
cult. ' '  Of  spiritual  values,  however,  Mrs.  Royall  was 
not  always  a  competent  appraiser,  although  her  eth- 
ics were  sound  enough.  Her  rage  against  the  pre- 
vailing theology  of  her  day,  her  aggressive  patriot- 
ism, her  hatred  of  the  Anti-Masons  and  the  "mis- 
sionaries" often  mar  her  judgment  when  she  tries  to 
sum  up  a  character.  To  the  historian,  however,  these 
faults  on  Mrs.  Royall 's  part  are  of  small  importance. 
What  he  cares  about  is  the  fact  that  she  painted,  ex- 
actly as  she  saw  them,  the  leading  personages  of  her 
time  and  the  places  that  knew  them. 

To  the  reader  of  the  present  age  Mrs.  Royall 's 
personal  descriptions  may  seem  florid.  Compared 
with  other  similar  productions  of  her  own  time, 
though,  they  are  not  over-  effusive.  Early  nineteenth 
century  English,  both  spoken  and  printed,  was  fervid. 
The  day  of  Romanticism  had  not  passed.  The  influ- 
ence of  Walter  Scott,  Byron,  Shelley,  and  Keats  was 
still  strong.  Oratory,  not  sordid  bread  and  butter 
facts,  yet  held  its  magic  sway  over  the  masses  of  gov- 
ernment-adoring United  States  citizens.  Even  in  the 
home  the  English  used  was  more  stately  and  ornate 
than  now.     Little  boys  and  girls  had  not  yet  been 


APPENDICES  237 

taught  to  answer  their  elders  with  the  curt  "yes"  and 
"no"  which  shock  a  few  survivors  who  remember 
the  more  courteous  speech  of  olden  time.  Mrs. 
Royall's  descriptions  may  flatter  their  subjects  but 
they  are  never  servile. 

That  she  acquired  mannerisms,  as  she  advanced 
in  age,  cannot  be  denied.  Sometimes  she  explains  her 
pet  terms:  "By  'Medicean  figure,'  we  mean  bodily 
contour  resembling  that  of  the  Medicean  Venus." 
"By  'Grecian  face,'  we  mean  wide  at  the  top,  taper- 
ing to  the  chin.  But  a  friend  recently  informed  us 
that  the  Grecian  face  is  square.  If  so,  we  have  more 
sins  to  answer  for  than  we  expected.  But  the  models 
before  us  give  the  argument  in  our  favor. ' ' 

As  has  been  said,  Mrs.  Royall  was  usually  ac- 
curate. To  her  printers,  however,  the  same  compli- 
ment cannot  be  paid.  Their  mistakes  are  legion. 
Quite  frequently  the  front  page  of  the  Huntress  bears 
one  date  and  the  second  another.  In  such  cases  I 
have  given  in  this  appendix  the  correct  date  but  seek- 
ers for  portraits  will  do  well  to  look  at  the  date-head- 
ings carefully. 

This  concordance  is  necessarily  incomplete.  A 
complete  index  would  fill  a  large  volume.  Only  the 
names  of  persons  of  more  or  less  national  importance 
are  here  given.  Mrs.  Royall's  harsher  delineations 
have  also  been  omitted,  although  in  the  body  of  the 
book,  in  order  to  show  her  as  she  really  was,  one  or 
two  such  unflattering  portraitures  are  given  without 
names. 

Where  the  author's  spelling  of  proper  names  dif- 
fers from  that  of  the  Congressional  Directory  I  have 


238  APPENDICES 

placed  the  latter  form  in  brackets.  Owing  to  impossi- 
bility of  verification  in  some  cases  unavoidable  errors 
may  perhaps  be  found.  Earnest  and  painstaking  ef- 
fort has  been  made,  however,  to  secure  accuracy. 


APPENDIX  A 

A  Partial  Index  to  Pen-Portraits  in  Mrs.  Roy- 
all's  Books 

Adams,  Charles,  Blade  Boole  II,  123. 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  Blaclc  Booh  II,  123. 

Adams,  Hannah,  Sketches,  336. 

Adams,  Pres.  John,  Sketches,  347;  Black  Book  II,  128. 

Adams,  Pres.  John  Q.,  Sketches,  166;  Black  Book  II,  126. 

Adams,  Judge,  Black  Book  II,  125. 

Andrews,  Mr.,  Pennsylvania  II,  81. 

Archer,  William,  Virginia,  Black  Book  III,  127. 

Augustine,  D.,  Southern  Tour  III,   74. 

Bailey,  Ann,  Sketches,  49. 

Baldwin,  Henry,  Pennsylvania  II,  69. 

Bancroft,  Dr.,  "Worcester,  Sketches,  306. 

Barnard,  Mr.,  Pennsylvania,  Black  Book  III,  115. 

Barron,  Commodore,  Black  Book  I,  257. 

Baylor,  Robert  E.,  Alabama  Letters,  226. 

Bell,  Joseph,  Black  Book  II,  373. 

Bennet,  Editor,  Black  Book  II,  8. 

Benton,  Thomas  H.,  Missouri,  Black  Book  III,  112. 

Berrien,  Mr.,  Georgia,  Black  Book  III,  113. 

Biddle,  John,  Michigan,  Alabama  Letters,  232. 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  Philadelphia,  Black  Book  I,  97. 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  Southern  Tour  II,  213. 

Blair,  James,  Alabama  Letters,  226. 

Bockee,  Abraham,  Southern  Tour  II,  215. 

Bonaparte,  Joseph,  Black  Book  I,  17. 

Branch,  John,  Gov.,  North  Carolina,  Black  Book  III,  117. 

Broadhead,  John,  New  Hampshire,  Southern  Tour  II,  215. 

Brockenborough,  Mr.,  artist,  Black  Book  I,  153. 


240  APPENDICES 

Brown,  Mr.,  artist,  Black  Book  I,  91. 

Brown,  Senator,  North  Carolina,  Alabama  Letters,  225. 

Brown,    Moses,    Soc.    of    Friends,    Ehode    Island,    Black   Book 

II,  93. 
Brown,  Silas,  Alabama  Letters,  228. 
Brownell,  Thomas  C,  Sketches,  295. 

Bryan,  Mr.,  poet,  Alexandria,  Virginia,  Black  Book  I,  141. 
Butler,  Mr.,  editor,  Pennsylvania  II,  8. 
Butler,  Gov.,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  28. 
Burroughs,    Rev.,    Portsmouth,    New    Hampshire,    Black    Book 

II,  180. 
Byles,  Miss,  Boston,  Sketches,  335. 

Cabell,  Benj.  W.,  Southern  Tour  I,  41. 

Cabell,  Dr.  G.,  Southern  Tour  I,  106. 

Cabell,  Dr.  J.,  Southern  Tour  I,  107. 

Calhoun,  John  C,  Sketches,  166. 

Carroll,  Daniel,  Black  Book  I,  139. 

Carroll,  Wm.  Thomas,  Alabama  Letters,  199. 

Cary,  Mr.,  publisher,  Philadelphia,  Sketches,  229. 

Carson,  Samuel  P.,  Alabama  Letters,  184. 

Chace,  Miss  Bertha,  Black  Book  I,  305. 

Chamberlain,  Dr.,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  41. 

Chandler,  Thomas,  Maine,  Black  Book  II,  115. 

Chapin,  Bev.  E.  H.,  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Black  Book  II,  282. 

Chaplin,  Morris  W.,  Pennsylvania  II,  173. 

Chase,  Senator,  Vermont,  Alabama  Letters,  177. 

Cilley,  Mr.,  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  70. 

Clagget,    H.    H.,    Alexandria,    Virginia,    Black   Book   I,    140; 

Black  Book  III,  122. 
Clap,  A.  W.,  Black  Book  II,  222. 
Clark,   Gov.,  Kentucky,  Alabama  Letters,   181. 
Clay,  C.  C,  Kentucky,  Alabama  Letters,  226. 
Clayton,   Senator,  Delaware,  Alabama  Letters,  224. 
Clinton,   DeWitt,   Sketches,   283;    Black  Book  I,    12. 
Coffee,  Gen.,  Alabama  Letters,  45. 
Cooper,  James  Fennimore,  Sketches,  266. 
Craig,  Eobert,  Virginia,  Southern  Tour  II,  216. 
Crawford,  Mr.,  White  Mountains,  Black  Book  II,  282. 


APPENDICES  241 

Crockett,  David,  Black  Book  111,  131. 

Crowninshield,  Mr.,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Black  Book  II,  149. 

Dame,  A.  A.,  Black  Book  II,  111. 

Dana,   Hon.  — ,   Connecticut,  Black  Book  II,   164. 

Daniel,  Henry,  Kentucky,  Alabama  Letters,  182. 

Day,  Pres.,  Yale  University,  Sketches,  383. 

DeGraff,  N.  Y.,  Alabama  Letters,  191. 

Deniston,   Mr.,  Pennsylvania  II,   199. 

Desha,  Gen.  Eobert,  Alabama  Letters,  185. 

Dickinson,  Wells  M.,  Pennsylvania  II,  142. 

Drayton,  William,  South  Carolina,  Black  Book  III,  126. 

Duane,  William,  Black  Book  I,  317. 

Duncan,  Joseph,  New  York,  Alabama  Letters,  185. 

Dunlap,   Mr.,  Pennsylvania  I,  229. 

Duval,  Judge,  Alabama  Letters,  185. 

Dwight,  Henry,  Massachusetts,  Alabama  Letters,  193. 

Dwight,  Secretary,  Black  Book  I,  25. 

Eaton,  Gen.  John,  Tennessee,  Black  Book  I,  126. 

Edes,  Gen.,  Pennsylvania  I,  8,  9. 

Ellis,  Powhatan,  Mississippi,  Black  Book  III,  113. 

Ely,  Eev.  Dr.,  Pennsylvania  I,  83. 

Everett,    Edward,    Massachusetts,    Sketches,    354;    Black   Book 

III,  135. 
Ewell,  Dr.,  Sketches,  152. 

Fairbanks,  Messrs.,  Boston,  Black  Book  II,  116. 

Faris,  George,  Pennsylvania  II,  78. 

Fenner,  Gov.,  Connecticut,  Sketches,  371. 

Fessenden,  Samuel,  Black  Book  II,  116. 

Findley,  William,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama  Letters,  84. 

Flint,   Timothy,  Southern  Tour  III,  240. 

Flint,  Eev.,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Sketches,  374. 

Focet,  Mr.,  Pennsylvania  II,  174. 

Foot,  Samuel,  Connecticut,  Alabama  Letters,  176. 

Force,  Peter,  Washington,  D.  C,  Sketches,  153. 

Ford,  James,  Pennsylvania,  Southern  Tour  II,  215. 

French,  Miss,  Troy,  New  York,  Sketches,  286. 


242  APPENDICES 

Gadsby,  John,  Black  Book  I,   127. 

Gaines,  Gen.,  Southern  Tour  I,  27. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  Sketches,  217;  Southern  Tour  I,  52. 

Gallaudet,  Thomas,  Sketches,  298. 

Gaston,  William,  Southern    Tour  I,   88. 

Germans,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  I,  102-108;   132. 

Grundy,  Felix,  Tennessee,  Alabama  Letters,  224. 

Gurrow,  Samuel,  Southern  Tour  II,  204. 

Haile,  William,  Mississippi,  Alabama  Letters,  186. 

Hale,  John  P.,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  193,  201. 

Harrison,  William  H.,  Ohio,  Black  Book  III,  115. 

Haswell,  Mr.,  Vermont,  Black  Book,  33. 

Hayne,  Eobert,  South  Carolina,  Black  Book  III,  122. 

Hill,  Isaack  Hill,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  348. 

Hobart,  Bishop,  Black  Book  II,  11. 

Hobbie,  Selah,  New  York,  Alabama  Letters,  183. 

Holmer,  Gabriel,  North  Carolina,  Alabama  Letters,  184. 

Houston,  Samuel,  Black  Book  I,  125. 

Hubbard,  Henry,  New  Hampshire,  Southern   Tour  II,  214. 

Huntingdon,  Black  Book  II,  121. 

Ingersoll,  Ealph,  Connecticut,  Black  Book  III,  126. 

Iredell,  James,  North  Carolina,  Alabama  Letters,  223. 

Isaacs,  Judge,  Alabama  Letters,  228. 

Irving,  Washington,  Sketches,   264. 

Irwin,  W.  W.,  Ohio,  Southern  Tour  II,  216. 

Jack,  Captain,  Pennsylvania  II,  13. 

Jackson,  Pres.  Andrew,  Alabama  Letters,  69,  212. 

James,  J.  S.,  Southern  Tour  I,  38. 

Johnston,  Chapman,  Southern  Tour  I,  38. 

Johnson,  Col.  B.  H.,  Kentucky,  Black  Book  III,  114. 

Joy,  T.  H.,  Black  Book  II,  117. 

Kane,  Elias,  Illinois,  Alabama  Letters,  176. 

Kemp,  Bishop,  Black  Book  I,  105. 

Kennon,  William,  Ohio,  Alabama  Letters,  231. 

King,  Mr.,  artist,  Black  Book  I,  112. 

Kilpatrick,  Dr.,  Pennsylvania  II,  223. 

Knight,  Prof.  Yale,  Sketches,  389. 

Kremer,  George,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama  Letters,  190. 


APPENDICES  243 

Lafayette,  Gen.,  Sketches,   175,   344. 

Lamar,  Henry  G.,  Georgia,  Alabama  Letters,  225. 

Langdon,  Mr.,  Burlington,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  33. 

Laurence,  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama  Letters,  189. 

Law,  Messrs.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Black  Book  III,  205. 

Lea,  Prior,  Tennessee,  Alabama  Letters,  184. 

Levy,  Chapman,  Southern  Tour  I,  46. 

Lewis.  Dixon,  Alabama,  Alabama  Letters,  226. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  Gov.  Massachusetts,  Sketches,  305. 

Lincoln,  E.,  Maine,  Gov.,  Black  Book  II,  217. 

Livingstone,  R.  M.,  Black  Book  I,  71. 

Livingstone,  E.,  Black  Book  I,  125. 

Longfellow,  Stephen,  Black  Book  II,  19. 

Lynch,  S.  M.,  Dr.,  Southern  Tour  I,  216. 

Lyon,    Chittendon,    Kentucky,   Alabama   Letters,    182. 

McKean,  Samuel,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama  Letters,  189. 

McLane,  Louis,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania  I,  43. 

McLean,  John,  Illinois,  Alabama  Letters,  224. 

McPherson,  Col.,  Black  Book  I,  278. 

Madison,  Pres.  James,  Southern  Tour  I,  37. 

Madison,  Mrs.  Dolly,  Southern  Tour  I,  42. 

Maitland,   Sir  Peregrine,   Canada,   Black  Book  I,  53. 

Marshall,  Judge,  Black  Book  I,  127. 

Martin,  Judge,  Providence,  Ehode  Island,  Sketches,  371. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  181. 

Matthews,  Eev.  William,  Washington,  D.  C,  Black  Book  I,  116. 

Mills,  Elijah,  Black  Book  II,  61. 

Mitchell,  Dr.  S.  L.,  Sketches,  265. 

Monroe,  President,  Southern  Tour  I,  37. 

Moore,  Bishop,  Black  Book  I,  127. 

Morse,  Jedediah,  Sketches,  387. 

Murat,  Prince,  Black  Book  I,  17. 

Murry,  M.  M.,  Pennsylvania  II,  76. 

Neef,  Mr.,  Educator,  Pennsylvania  II,  149-163. 

Noah,  Major,  Editor,  Black  Book  II,  4. 

Nott,  President,  Union  College,  New  York,  Black  Book  I,  33. 

Nuckolls,  William,  South  Carolina,  Alabama  Letters,  183. 


244  APPENDICES 

Ogle,  Gen.,  Pennsylvania  II,  253. 

Orr,   Benj.,   Massachusetts,   Black  Boole  II,   138. 

Orr,  Kobert,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama  Letters,  189. 

Parker,  Eev.,  Black  Book  II,  180. 

Parris,  Albion,  Maine;  Black  Book  III,  114. 

Palfrey,  Mr.,  writer,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Black  Book  II,  142. 

Paulding,   Sketches,   264. 

Peabody,  W.  O.,  Sketches,  292. 

Pierpont,  Eev.,  Boston,  Sketches,  337. 

Planteau,  Madame,  Sketches,  13. 

Polk,  James  K.,  Alabama  Letters,  182. 

Pope,  Col.,  Alabama,  Alabama  Letters,  162. 

Powell,  Hare,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  I,  59. 

Prince,  Dr.,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Black  Book  II,  142. 

Prince,  Oliver,  Georgia,  Alabama  Letters,  178. 

Randolph,    John,    Virginia,    Alabama    Letters,    187;    Southern 

Tour  I,  389. 
Richardson,  Joseph,  Massachusetts,  Alabama  Letters,  181. 
Riddle,  Col.  James,  Pennsylvania  II,  70. 
Ridgeley,  Henry,  Delaware,  178. 

Ritchie,  Mr.,  publisher,  Richmond,  Virginia,  Black  Book  I,  151. 
Rives,  William,  Virginia,  Alabama  Letters,  186. 
Robbins,  Asher,  Rhode  Island,  Black  Book  III,   116. 
Ross,  George,  Pennsylvania  I,  175. 
Rowan,  John,  Kentucky,  Alabama  Letters,  177. 
Rowson,  Mr.,  Boston,  Black  Book  II,  116. 
Ruffner,  Henry,  Sketches,  57. 
Ruggles,  Benj.,  Ohio,  Alabama  Letters,  176. 
Rush,  Rice,  Pennsylvania,  Black  Book  I,  109. 

Salstonstall,  Mr.,  Salem,  Mass.,  Black  Book  II,  146. 
Sawyer,  Lemuel,  North  Carolina,  Black  Book  I,  128. 
Schulze,  Gov.,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  I,  188. 
Schuyler,  Major  Philip,  New  York,  Black  Book  I,  70. 
Scott,  Mrs.  Hancock,  Boston,  Black  Book  II,  139. 
Seaton,  Mr.,  Sketches,  153. 
Sears,  D.,  Sketches,  338. 
Sedgwick,  Mrs.,  Sketches,  266. 


APPENDICES  245 

Selkirk,  Lord,  Alabama  Letters,  7. 

Seymour,  Horatio,  Vermont,  Alabama  Letters,  177. 

Sigourney,  Mrs.,  Sketches,  300. 

Silliman,  Prof.  Yale,  Sketches,  389 ;  Black  Book  II,  193. 

Sister,  Mrs.  Eoyall's,  Pennsylvania  II,  213. 

Smith,  Oliver,  Indiana,  Alabama  Letters,  185. 

Smith,  S.  C,  Blank  Book  III,  113. 

Snowden,  John  M.,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  I,  108. 

Southwick,  Mr.,  Sketches,  283. 

Sparks,  Jared,  Sketches,  337;   Black  Book  II,  111. 

Speight,  Jesse,  North  Carolina,  Alabama  Letters,  227. 

Spencer,  Richard,  Alabama,  Alabama  Letters,   227. 

Sprague,  Peleg,  Black  Book  II,  260. 

Steckel,  Dr.,  Penjisylvania  I,  108. 

Stevens,  Philander,  Pennsylvania,  Southern  Tour  II,  215. 

Stevenson,  James,  Pennsylvania  II,   126. 

Stith,  Mrs.,  Black  Book  I,  318. 

Swan,  Samuel,  New  Jersey,  Black  Book  II,  191. 

Tammany   Hall,   Black  Book  I,   11. 

Tappan,  Benj.,  Pennsylvania  II,  146. 

Taylor,  John,  Pennsylvania  II,  73. 

Tazewell,    Littleton,    Virginia,    Black    Book   I,    256;    Alabama 

Letters,  179. 
Test,  John,  Indiana,  Alabama  Letters,  232. 
Thayer,  Col.,  West  Point,  Sketches,  381. 
Tyler,  Gardiner,  A^irginia,  Alabama  Letters,  178. 
Tucker,  Starling,  South  Carolina,  Alabama  Letters,  183. 

Union  College,  New  York,  Black  Book  I,  33. 

Universalist  minister  at  Hartford,   Connecticut,  Sketches,  301. 

Upham,  Rev.  Charles,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Black  Book  II,  193. 

Van  Buren,  Matthew,  Black  Book  I,  11. 
Vance,  Joseph,  Ohio,  Alabama  Letters,  186. 
Van  Ness,  C.  P.,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  258. 
Van  Ness,  Gen.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Black  Book  I,  138. 
Van  Ness,  Mrs.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Black  Book  I,  139. 
Van  Renssallaer,  Gen.  Stephen,  New  York,  Sketches,  281. 
Vaughan,  — ,  Black  Book  II,  258. 


246  APPENDICES 

Walcott,  Gov.  Connecticut,  Sketches,  390. 

Walsh,  Mr.,  Pennsylvania  I,  93. 

Watkins,  Dr.,  Sketches,  152. 

Watterston,    George,    Librarian    of    Congress,    Sketches,    150; 

Black  Book  III,  210. 
Weare,  Kev.,  Black  Book  II,  343. 

Webster,  Daniel,  Black  Book  II,  327;  Black  Book  III,  112. 
Webster,  Noah,  Sketches,  383. 

Weeks,  John  W.,  New  Hampshire,  Alabama  Letters,  231. 
Welsh,  Mr.,  Sketches,  69. 

Wheaton,  Major,  Black  Book  I,  118;  Black  Book  III,  109. 
White,  Judge,  Black  Book  III,  111. 

Whitney,  Mr.,  Salem,  Massachusetts,  Black  Book  II,  148. 
Wiley,  Mr.,  Black  Book  I,  3. 
Willey,  Calvin,  Connecticut,  Black  Book  III,  116. 
Williams,  Judge,  Black  Book  III,  111. 
Wilson,  James,  Pennsylvania,  Alabama  Letters,  189. 
Wine,  A.  E.,  Michigan,  Black  Book  III,  122. 
Wingate,  Gen.,  Black  Book  II,  224. 
Wise,  Calvin,  Pennsylvania  II,  30. 
Wise,  Fred  A.,  Pennsylvania  II,  30. 
Wirt,  William,  Black  Book  I,  129;  Sketches,  165. 
Woodbury,  Levi,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  III,  122. 
Woodsworth,  Mr.,  Sketches,  266. 
Worter,  G.  W.,  Georgia,  Southern  Tour  I,  71. 
Wright,  Miss  Frances,  Pennsylvania  II,  164,   174. 

Yale  University,   Sketches,  383. 

Yates,  Gov.  Van  Ness,  Sketches,  282;  Black  Book  I,  34. 

Yancey,  Joel,  Kentucky,  Alabama  Letters,  182. 


APPENDIX  B 
Places  Described,  1824-1831 

Alabama,  Southern  Tour  II,  189. 

Albany,  Sketches,  273;  Black  Book  I,  11;  Black  Book  II,  33. 

Alexandria,   Sketches,    100;    Black  Book  I,   140;    Black  Book 

III,  222. 
Allentown,  Pennsylvania  I,  142. 
Annapolis,  Pennsylvania  I,  20;  Black  Book  I,  311. 
Augusta,  Georgia,  Southern  Tour  II,  66,  806. 
Augusta,  Maine,  Black  Book  II,  268. 

Ballston,  Black  Book  I,  25. 

Baltimore,  Pennsylvania  I,   5;    Sketches,   187;   Black  Book  I, 

100,  301;  Southern  Tour  I,  3. 
Bangor,  Black  Book  II,  292,  308. 
Bath,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  376. 
Bath,  Maine,  Black  Book  II,  229. 
Bayou  Sarah,  Southern  Tour  III,  86. 
Bedford,  Pennsylvania  I,  242. 
Bedford  Springs,  Pennsylvania  I,  257. 
Belfast,  Maine,  Black  Book  II,  316. 
Bellows  Falls,  Black  Book  II,  357. 
Belleville,  Southern  Tour  III,  160. 
Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania  I,  114. 
Black  Bock,  Black  Book  I,  57. 
Blairsville,  Pennsylvania  II,  224. 
Boston,  Sketches,  307;  Black  Book  II,  110;  Pennsylvania  II, 

136. 
Bowdoin  College,  Black  Book  II,   199. 
Bowling  Green,  Letters,  13;  Southern  Tour  III,  186. 
Brandywine,  Pennsylvania  I,  44. 
Brooklyn,  Sketches,  269. 


248  APPENDICES 

Brookville,  Indiana,  Southern  Tour  III,  220. 

Brown  University,  Black  Book  II,  95. 

Brunswick,  Maine,  Black  Book  II,  108. 

Buekland,   Southern    Tour  I,   5. 

Bucksport,  Black  Book  II,   312. 

Buffalo,  Black  Book  I,  46. 

Burlington,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  33,  45. 

Cabell  Courthouse,  Alabama  Letters,  5. 
Cambridge,   Massachusetts,   Sketches,  307,  350. 
Camden,  South  Carolina,  Southern  Tour  II,  40. 
Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania  II,  187. 
Carlisle,  Pennsylvania  I,  190. 
Carrollton,  Black  Book  I,  300. 
Castine,  Black  Book  II,  313. 
Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania  I,  122. 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Southern  Tour  II,  3. 
Charleston,  Virginia,  Black  Book  I,  292. 
Charlestown,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  353. 
Charlestowu,  Massachusetts,  Black  Book  II,  139. 
Charlottesville,  Southern  Tour  I,  84. 
Cincinnati,  Southern  Tour  III,  338. 
City  Point,  Virginia,  Black  Book  I,  249. 
China,  Maine,  Black  Book  II,   289. 
Columbia  College,  New  York,  Sketches,  246. 
Columbia,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  I,  181. 
Columbia,  South  Carolina,  Southern  Tcnir  II,  53. 
Concord,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  346. 
Connersville,  Indiana,  Southern  Tour  III,  225. 
Courtland,  Alabama  Letters,  137. 

Danville,  Indiana,  Southern  Tour  III,  233. 
Danville,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  19. 
Dartmouth  College,  Black  Book  II,   363. 
Denistown,  Pennsylvania  I,  195. 
Dickinson  College,  Pennsylvania  I,  190. 
Dover,  New   Hampshire,   Black  Book  II,   337. 

Easton,  Pennsylvania  I,  100. 
Ebonsburg,  Pennsylvania  II,  229. 


APPENDICES  249 

Eddenburg,  Southern   Tour  III,  230. 
Eddyville,  Southern  Tour  III,  184. 
Elizabeth,  Virginia,  Southern   Tour  III,  205. 
Erie  Canal,  Black  Book  I,  35,  66. 
Exeter,  Black  Book  II,  164. 

Farmsville,  Southern  Tour  I,  116. 

Fayetteville,  Alabama  Letters,  33;   Southern  Tour  I,  147. 

Floating  Bridge,  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  Sketches,  356. 

Florence,  Alabama,  Alabama  Letters,  143,  146. 

Fort   Bainbridge,  Southern  Tour  II,  148. 

Fort  Mitchell,  Southern  Tour  II,  141. 

Frederick,  Maryland,  Black  Book  I,  276. 

Fredericksburg,  Black  Book  I,  142. 

Genesee,  Black  Book  I,  45. 

Georgetown,  D.  C,  Sketches,  178;  Alabama  Letters,  222;  Black 

Book  III,  218. 
Gosport,  Black  Book  I,  257. 
Greensboro,  Southern  Tour  I,  124. 
Greensburg,  Pennsylvania  II,  24. 

Hagerstown,  Black  Book  I,  297. 
Hallowell,  Black  Book  II,  256. 
Hanover,  Black  Book  II,  62. 
Harper's  Ferry,  Black  Book  I,  281. 
Hartford,  Sketches,  264;  Black  Book  II,  67. 
Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania  I,  187,  252-269. 
Harvard   University,   Sketches,   351. 
Haverhill,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  372. 
Hebron,  Black  Book  II,  87. 
Herkimer,  Black  Book  I,  65. 
Hillsboro,  Southern  Tour  I,  131. 
Hopkinsville,  Southern  Tour  III,  181. 
Hudson  City,  Black  Book  I,  78. 
Hundred,  The,  Southern  Tour  I,  47. 
Huntingdon,  Pennsylvania  II,  235. 
Huntsville,  Alabama,  Alabama  Letters,  38,   151. 

Indianapolis,  Southern  Tour  III,  205,  231. 
Ipswich,  Black  Book  II,  150. 


250  APPENDICES 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Southern  Tour  III,  142. 
Johnstown,  Black  Boole  I,  67. 

Kennebec,  Black  Book  II,  249. 

Lancaster,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  389. 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  I,  160-176. 
Laughlintown,  Pennsylvania  II,  139. 
Laurenceburg,  Indiana,  Southern  Tour  III,   117. 
Lebanon  Springs,  Black  Book  II,  42. 
Lewiston,  Pennsylvania  II,  241. 
Lexington,  Kentucky,  Alabama  Letters,  9. 
Littleton,  Black  Book  II,  377. 
Lockport,  Black  Book  I,  59. 
Louisville,  Southern  Tour  III,  205. 
Lynchburg,   Southern  Tour  I,   100. 

McConnelstown,  Pennsylvania  I,  237. 
Macon,  Southern  Tour  II,  129. 
Maine,  Black  Book  II,  336. 
Marblehead,  Black  Book  I,  148. 

Mason's  Island  in  the  Potomac,  Black  Book  I,  272;  Pennsyl- 
vania I,  25. 
Mauch  Chunk,  Pennsylvania  I,  127. 
Melton's  Bluff,  Alabama  Letters,  52-76. 
Middlebury,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  52. 
Middletown,  Connecticut,  Black  Book  II,  75. 
Milledgeville,  Southern  Tour  II,  116,  126. 
Mobile,  Southern  Tour  II,  201. 
Monticello,  Southern  Tour  I,  87. 
Montgomery,  Southern  Tour  II,  189. 
Moulton,  Alabama  Letters,  107. 
Mount  Pisgah,  Pennsylvania  II,  219. 
Mount  Sterling,  Alabama  Letters,  6. 

Nahant,  Sketches,  355. 

Nashville,  Alabama  Letters,  19;  Southern  Tour  II,  6;  Southern 

Tour  III,  187;  Pennsylvania  II,  36. 
Natchez,  Southern  Tour  III,  101. 
Nazareth,  Pennsylvania  I,  107. 
New  Baltimore,  Southern  Tour  I,  57. 


APPENDICES  251 

New  Brunswick,  Sketches,  239. 

Newburg,  Black  Book  I,  83. 

Newburyport,  Black  Book  II,  155. 

Newcastle,  Delaware,  Sketches,  204. 

New  Economy,  Pennsylvania  II,  137. 

New  England,  Black  Book  II,  71,  72,  290. 

New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  392. 

New  Haven,    Sketches,    383;    Black   Book   I,    3;    Black   Book 

II,  82. 
New  Lebanon,  Black  Book  II,  41. 
New  Orleans,  Southern  Tour  III,  12. 
New  York  City,  Sketches,  241;  Black  Book  I,  7;  Black  Book 

II,  3;  Black  Book  III,  91;  Southern  Tour  I,  16. 
New  York  State,  Black  Book  I,  89. 
Niagara  Falls,  Black  Book  I,  50. 
Norfolk,  Southern  Tour  I,  28;  Black  Book  I,  253. 
Northampton,  Black  Book  II,  59. 
North  Carolina  University,   Southern  Tour  I,   140. 
Norwich,  Black  Book  II,  369. 

Old  Point  Comfort,  Black  Book  I,  259. 
Oldtown,  Black  Book  II,  303. 

Pascagola,  Southern  Tour  III,  2. 

Pawtucket,  Black  Book  II,  107. 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania  II,  2-135. 

Pittsfieid,  Black  Book  II,  53. 

Philadelphia,    Sketches,   205;    Black   Book   I,   95,    315;    Black 

Book  III,  61;  Pennsylvania  I,  48-94. 
Pennsylvania,  State,  Pennsylvania  I,  262. 
Petersburg,  Southern  Tour  I,  30;  Black  Book  I,  160. 
Portland,  Black  Book  II,  214,  326. 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  Black  Book  II,  174. 
Poughkeepsie,  Black  Book  I,  80. 
Princeton,  Kentucky,  Southern  Tour  III,  177. 
Princeton,  New  Jersey,  Black  Book  I,  93. 
Princeton,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  99. 
Providence,  Sketches,  365;  Black  Book  II,  91. 
Plymouth,  Black  Book  II,   123. 


252  APPENDICES 

Queenstown,  Canada,  Black  Boole  I,  53. 

Quincy,  Massachusetts,  Sketches,  347;  Black  Book  II,  132. 

Ealeigh,  Southern  Tour  I,  134. 

Beading,  Pennsylvania  I,  149. 

Richmond,  Sketches,   120;   Black  Book  I,   147;   Southern   Tour 

I,  33. 
Rochester,  New  York,  Black  Book  I,  60. 
Eushville,  Southern  Tour  III,  184,  288. 

Saco,  Black  Book  II,  333. 

Salem,  Massachusetts,  Sketches,  356;  Black  Book  II,  142. 

Salem,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  68. 

Saltsburg,  Pennsylvania  II,  221. 

Saratoga,  Black  Book,  I,  13;  Black  Book  II,  37. 

Savannah,  Southern  Tour  II,  82. 

Schenectady,  Black  Book  I,  32. 

Schuylersville,  Black  Book  I,  69. 

Selma,  Southern  Tour  II,  193. 

Shawneetown,  Illinois,  Southern  Tour  III,  169. 

Shelbyville,   Southern   Tour  III,   229. 

Shepherdstown,  Black  Book  I,  293. 

Sideling  Hill,  Pennsylvania  I,  241. 

Sing-Sing,  Black  Book  I,  84. 

Smithland,  Illinois,  Southern  Tour  III,  171. 

Smithville,  Southern  Tour  I,  166. 

Sparta,  Southern  Tour  II,  113. 

Springfield,  Indiana,  Southern  Tour  III,  234. 

Springfield,  Massachusetts,  Sketches,  290;  Black  Book  II,  64. 

Staunton,  Sketches,  86;  Southern  Tour  I,  75. 

St.  Francisville,  Southern  Tour  III,  92. 

St.  Johnsbury,  Black  Book  III,  15. 

St.  Louis,  Southern  Tour  III,  143. 

St.  Louis  College,  Southern   Tour  III,   155. 

Steubenville,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  II,  139. 

Suffield,  Black  Book  II,  67. 

Tappan,  Black  Book  I,  86. 

Tennessee  University,  Southern  Tour  III,  201. 

Thomastown,  Black  Book  II,  223. 


APPENDICES  253 

Trenton,  New  Jersey,  Black  Book  I,  123. 
Troy,  Sketches,  286;  Black  Book  I,  31. 

Union  College,  Black  Book  I,  32,  33. 
Utica,  Black  Book  I,  40. 

Vassalborough,  Black  Book  II,  286. 

Vergennes,  Black  Book  III,  47. 

Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  34,  44-62. 

Vicksburg,  Southern  Tour  III,  114. 

Virginia  University,  Southern  Tour  1,  92. 

Visitation,  Convent  of,  Georgetown,  D.   C,  Sketches,  179. 

Waltham,  Sketches,  341. 

Warrenton,  Southern  Tour  I,  58. 

Washington,   D.   C,   Sketches,    130;    Black  Book  I,   106,   124; 

Black  Book  III,  108;  Pennsylvania  II,  Appendix;  Alabama 

Letters,  Appendix. 
Washington,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  II,  181. 
Waterford,  Connecticut,  Black  Book  I,  29. 
Waterford,  Vermont,  Black  Book  III,  12. 
Waterville,  Black  Book  II,  277. 
Weathersfield,  Black  Book  II,  74. 
West  Chester,  Black  Book  I,  321. 
West  Point,   Sketches,   375;    Black  Book  II,   27. 
Wheeling,  Pennsylvania  II,  164. 
White  Mountains,  Black  Book  II,  378. 
Williams  College,  Black  Book  II,  57. 
Williamstown,  Black  Book  II,  57. 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  Sketches,  392 ;  Black  Book  I,  122. 
Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  Southern  Tour  I,  157. 
Winchester,  Southern  Tour  I,  68. 
Windham,  Connecticut,  Black  Book  II,  87. 
Windsor,  Black  Book  II,  359. 
Wise-asset,  Black  Book  II,  234. 
Worcester,  Sketches,  305. 

Yale  University,  Sketches,  383. 
York,  Pennsylvania  II,  27. 


APPENDIX  C 

Partial  Index  to  Personal  Descriptions  in  Mrs. 

Royall's  Newspapers  of  Members  of 

Congress  and  Others,  1831-1854 

Abbott,  Amos,  Massachusets,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Abercrombie,   James,   Alabama,  Huntress,  July   24,   1854. 
Adams,  Eliza,  Huntress,  February  28,   1846. 
Adams,  Green,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  29,  1848. 
Adams,  John  Quincy,  Massachusetts,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832 ; 

Huntress,  August  1,   1840;   August  20,   1842;   December   14, 

1844;    February   6,   1847;   March  4,   1848. 
Adams,  Mrs.  John  Quincy,  Huntress,  June  2,  1849. 
Adams,  Mrs.  Stephen,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  February  21,  1846. 
Alexander,    Col.,    Charlotte,    North    Carolina,    Huntress,    April 

29,  1843. 
Alexander,  Henry  P.,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  22,  1850. 
Alford,  Julius  C,  Georgia,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840. 
Allen,    A.    H.,    Keeseville,    New    York,    Huntress,    September 

18,  1852. 
Allen,  Elisha,  Maine,  Huntress,  June  11,  1842. 
Allen,  Col.  George,  Ohio,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 
Allen,  John  W.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  24,   1838. 
Allen,  Judson,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Anderson,  Alexander,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  March   14,   1840. 
Anderson,  John,   Maine,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,   1832;    Huntress, 

March  31,   1838. 
Anderson,  Joseph,   New   York,  Huntress,  January   13,   1844. 
Anderson,  Josiah,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  March  9,  1850. 
Andrews,  George  E.,  New  York,  Huntress,  September  21,  1850. 
Andrews,  John  T.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,   1838. 
Andrews,  Landaff,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 


APPENDICES  255 

Andrews,  Sherlock,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  3,  1841. 

Appleton,  Nathan,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  July  23,  1842. 

Archer,  William,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832;  Huntress, 
May  29,  1847. 

Arnold,  Leonard  (Lemuel),  Ehode  Island,  Huntress,  April  18, 
1846. 

Arnold,  Thomas,  Tennessee,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Arnold,   Mrs.   Thomas,   Tennessee,   Huntress,  June   25,   1842. 

Arrington,  Archibald,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  24,   1841. 

Ashe,  John  B.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  May  4,  1844. 

Ashley,  Chester,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  December  14,  1844;  .Feb- 
ruary 19,   1846. 

Ashley,  William,  Missouri,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832;  August 
9,  1834;  July  23,  1836. 

Ashley,  Mrs.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  June  11,  1842. 

Ashmun,  George,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  April  25,   1846. 

Atchison,  David,  Missouri,  Huntress,  February  10,  1844;  Febru- 
ary 19,  1846;  July  1,  1854. 

Atherton,  Charles  (Colquitt),  New  Hampshire,  Huntress, 
March  31,  1838;   February  10,  1844. 

Atkinson,  Archibald,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  17,  1844. 

Atkinson,  Mr.,  Editor  Satudray  Post,  Philadelphia,  Huntress, 
September  7,  1850. 

Averett,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  April  6,  1850. 

Avery,  Miss  Emily,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Huntress,  December  20, 
1851. 

Ayerigg,  John,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  10,   1838. 

Babcock,  Alfred,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 
Badger,  George,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  13,   1847. 
Bagby,  Arthur,  Alabama,  Huntress,  April  5,  1842 ;  May  1,  1847. 
Bagby,  Mrs.  Arthur,  Huntress,  April  13,  1844. 
Bailey,  Mrs.  David  J.   (Daniel),  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  20, 

1852. 
Baker,  Osmyn,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  February  1,   1840. 
Baldwin,  Commodore  B.  S.,  Huntress,  March  25,  1848. 
Banks,  Linn,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  27,  1840. 
Barnum,  Phineas  T.,  Huntress,  December  14,  1850. 


256  APPENDICES 

Barnwell,  Robert,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,   1832; 

Huntress,  August  31,  1850. 
Barrenger,  Daniel  (Barringer),  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  April 

13,  1844. 
Barret,  Judge,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  15,   1S54. 
Barrow,  Mrs.  Alexander,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  March  8,   1845. 
Barry,  Dr.,  U.  S.  N.,  Huntress,  October  19,  1839. 
Barton,   Bichard,   Virginia,   Huntress,  July   24,   1841. 
Bay,  William,  Missouri,  Huntress,  May  4,  1850. 
Bayard,  James,  Delaware,  Huntress,  August  7,  1852. 
Bayard,  Richard,  Delaware,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841. 
Bayley,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  May  18,  1844. 
Beale,  James,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834;  Huntress, 

Sept.  28,  1850. 
Beale,  Bichard,  Virginia,  Huntress,  April  29,  1848. 
Beale,   T.  D.,  Washington,  D.   C,  Huntress,  August   14,   1847. 
Beardsley,  Samuel,  New  York,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Beatty,  William,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Beaumont,  Andrew,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Beckinger,  Henry,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  6,  1846. 
Beeson,  Henry,  Pennsylvania,   Huntress,  July   17,   1841. 
Beeson,  Mrs.  Henry,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  30,  1842. 
Bierne,   Andrew,   Virginia,   Huntress,   March   3,    1838;    August 

29,  1840. 
Bell,  John,  Tennessee,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Bell,   Mrs.   John,   Tennessee,  Huntress,  February   23,   1839. 
Bell,  Joshua,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  May  16,   1846. 
Bell,  Samuel,  New  Hampshire,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Belser,  James,  Alabama,  Huntress,  April  27,   1844. 
Benton,  Charles,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  3,   1844. 
Benton,   Master,  page  in  Senate,  Huntress,  May  30,   1846. 
Benton,  Thomas,  Missouri,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,   1832. 
Bethune,  Laughlin,  North  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Bibb,  T.  P.,  Huntress,  November  30,  1844. 
Bicknell,  Bennett,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,   1838. 
Bicknell,  Mrs.  Bennett,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Bidlack,    Benj.    (Bidlock),    Pennsylvania,    Huntress,    June    12, 

1841. 
Bidlack,    Mrs.    Benj.,    Pennsylvania,    Huntress,    July    2,    1842. 


APPENDICES  257 

Biggs,  Asa,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  January  24,  1846. 
Binell,  William,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  23,   1850. 
Bingham,  Kinsley  S.,  Michigan,  Huntress,  July  22,  1848. 
Binney,  Horace,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Birdsall,  Samuel,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838.* 
Birdsall,  Mrs.  Samuel,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Black,  Edward,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Black,  Henry,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  September  4,  1841. 
Black,  James,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  December  16,  1843. 
Black,  John,  Mississippi,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Blackwell,  Jublus,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  April  11,  1840. 
Blair,  Mrs.  Bernard,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  19,  1842. 
Blair,  Francis  P.,  Huntress,  October  3,  1840. 
Blair,  James,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Blair,  John,   Tennessee,   Paul   Pry,   August   4,    1832. 
Blanchard,  John,    Pennsylvania,    Huntress,    April    11,    1846. 
Blanchard,  Mrs.  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  August  1,  1846. 
Blox,  Bev.  — ,  "Washington,  D.  O,  Huntress,  November  23,  1850. 
Bocock,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  April  1,  1848. 
Boggs,  Mrs.  E.,  Huntress,  January  22,  1842. 
Bokee,  Abraam,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 
Bokee,  Abraham,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 
Bond,  Mrs.  William,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 
Boon,  Batliff,  Indiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832;  August  16, 

1834. 
Booth,   Walter    (Boall),    Connecticut,   Huntress,   February   23, 

1850. 
Booth,  Mrs.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  March  2,  1850. 
Borden,  Nathaniel,   Massachusetts,   Huntress,  March  31,   1838. 
Borden,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  February  25,  1843. 
Bossier,  P.  E.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  December  16,  1843. 
Bossier,  Madame,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  December  ,16,   1843. 
Botts,  John,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February   1,  1840;   April  18, 

1840. 
Botts,  David,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  24,   1838. 
Bouldin,  Thomas,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832 ;  August  16,  1834. 
Bowden,   F.  W.    (Bowdon),   Alabama,  Huntress,   January   23, 

1847. 
Bower,  Dr.   Gustavus,  Missouri,  Huntress,  December  23,   1843. 


258  APPENDICES 

Bowlin,  James,  Missouri,  Huntress,  April  20,  1844. 
Boydon,   North   Carolina,  Huntress,   March   11,   1848. 
Brackenridge,  Henry   (Breckenridge),  Pennsylvania,  Huntress, 

February,  1841. 
Bradbury,  James,  Maine,  Huntress,  March  30,  1850. 
Bradbury,  Mrs.,  Maine,  Huntress,  April  13,  1850. 
Bradford,    Miss   Mary   Jane,    Mississippi,    Huntress,    February 

28,  1846. 
Brady,  Jasper,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  22,  1848. 
Brainard,  Charles,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  June   13, 

1846. 
Branch,  John,  North  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Breck,  Daniel,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  March  9,  1850. 
Breck,  Mrs.   Daniel,   Kentucky,  Huntress,  March  9,   1850. 
Breckenridge,  John,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  May  29,  1852. 
Breese,  Sidney,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  10,   1844;   March 

2,  1844. 
Brent,  J.  C,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 
Brent,   Col.  William,  Washington,   D.   C,  Huntress,  December 

23,  1848. 
Brenton,   Samuel,   Indiana,   Huntress,   May   29,   1852. 
Brett,  Mr.  S.  C,  Huntress,  July  11,  1840. 
Bridges,  Samuel,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  June  10,  1848. 
Brinkerhoff,  Jacob,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  6,   1844. 
Brinkerhoff,   Mrs.   Jacob,   Ohio,   Huntress,  December   21,   1844. 
Broadhead,     Bichard      (Brodhead),     Pennsylvania,     Huntress, 

January  6,  1844. 
Brockway,  John  H.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  December  28,  1839. 
Bronaugh,  John  W.,  Washington,   D.  O,  Huntress,  September 

25,  1841. 
Bronson,  David,  Maine,  Huntress,  July  10,  1841. 
Bronwell,  Lieut.,  Huntress,  March  8,  1845. 
Brooke,  Walter,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  May  29,  1852. 
Brown,   Aaron,   Tennessee,   Huntress,  April  25,   1840. 
Brown,  Albert,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  21,   1840. 
Brown,   Bedford,  North  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,   1832; 

July   30,    1836. 
Brown,  Jeremiah,   Pennsylvania,    Huntress,    August    14,    1841; 

December  23,  1843. 


APPENDICES  259 

Brown,  Jesse,  Washington,  D.  O,  Huntress,  November  30,  1839. 

Brown,  Milton,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  10,  1844. 

Brown,  Col.  Orlando,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  November  24,  1849. 

Brown,  Samuel,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  12,   1841. 

Brown,  William,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  6,  1844;  April 
19,  1845. 

Brownlow,  Bev.  William,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  March  17,  1849. 

Bryan,  Andrew,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Buchanan,  Andrew,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  23,  1839. 

Buchanan,  James,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  December  2,  1843; 
April  9,  1845. 

Buckner,  Alexander,  Missouri,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,   1832. 

Buckner,  Ayelet,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  April  22,  1848. 

Buell,  Alexander   (Buel),  Michigan,  Htmtress,  March  30,  1850. 

Buffington,  Mrs.  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  May  16,  1846. 

Bugg,  Bobert,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  24,  1854. 

Burges,  Tristam,  Ehode  Island,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Burleson,  Gen.,  Huntress,  April  9,  1842. 

Burnell,   Barker,  Massachusetts,   Huntress,  June  26,   1841. 

Burroughs,  J.  M.,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,   1846. 

Burt,  Amstead,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  April  13,  1844. 

Burt,  Mrs.  Amstead,  Huntress,  April  13,  1844. 

Burt,   Col.,  Huntress,  September  17,  1853. 

Busey,  Mrs.  Dr.  — ,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  April  2,  1853.. 

Butler,  Andrew,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  13,  1847. 

Butler,  Major  Gen.,  U.  S.  A.,  Huntress,  August  5,   1848. 

Butler,  Sampson,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  February  1,  1840. 

Butler,  William  O.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  May  30,  1840;  Sep- 
tember 11,  1841. 

Cabell,  E.  C,  Virginia  and  Florida,  Huntress,  February  26, 
1848;   April  29,   1848. 

Cable,  Joseph,  Ohio,  Huntress,  December  15,  1849. 

Cage,  Harry,  Mississippi,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,   1834. 

Caldwell,  George  A.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  June  22,  1850;  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1844. 

Caldwell,  Joseph,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  Feb.  5,  1853. 

Calhoun,  John  C,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  July  30,  1836. 

Calhoren,   Mr.    (Calhoun?),   Huntress,  May  22,   1847. 


260  APPENDICES 

Calvin,  Samuel,  Huntress,  March  2,  1850. 
Cambreling,  Churchill,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Cameron,  Simon,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  July  18,  1846.* 
Campbell,  John  H.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  28,  1846; 

June  6,  1846. 
Campbell,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 
Campbell,  Thomas,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  June  19,  1841. 
Campbell,  William,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  30,  1846. 
Campbell,  Mrs.  WilHam,  Tennessee,  Hun  tress,  February  17,  1838. 
Campbell,  Gen.  W.  B.,  Huntress,  March  4,  1848. 
Car,  John,  (Carr),  Indiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Carey,  Jeremiah,  (Cary),  New  York,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Carson,  Samuel,  North  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Caruthers,  Samuel,  Missouri,  Huntress,  June  24,  1854. 
Cary,  George,  Virginia,  Huntress,  August  28,  1841. 
Cary,  Shepherd,  Maine,  Huntress,  December  14,  1844. 
Carpenter,  Levi,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  11,  1845. 
Casey,  Gen.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  September  17,  1853. 
Casey,  Mrs.  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  20,  1850. 
Casey,  Zadock,  Illinois,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Cass,  Lewis,  Michigan,  Huntress,  May  30,  1846;  February  14, 

1852;   February  15,  1851. 
Cathcart,  Chailes,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  24,  1846. 
Catlin,  George,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  March  8,  1845. 
Chalmers,  Joseph,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  May  23,  1846. 
Chandler,  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  20,  1850. 
Chaney,  John,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Chapin,  Eev.  E.  H.,  Huntress,  October  19,  1839. 
Chapman,   Augustus,   Virginia,   Huntress,   February    17,    1844; 

May  30,  1846. 
Chapman,   Mrs.   Augustus,   Virginia,   Huntress,   June    1,    1844; 

June  15,  1844. 
Chapman,  Charles,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  May  1,  1852. 
Chapman,  John,  Maryland,  Huntress,  April  18,  1846. 
Chapman,  Eeuben,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  July  23,  1836. 
Chapman,  William,  Iowa,  Huntress,  February  16,  1839. 
Chappell,  Absalom,  Georgia,  Huntress,  May  4,  1844. 
Chappell,  Mrs.  Absalom,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  16,  1844. 
Charlton,  Eobert,   Georgia,  Huntress,  June   26,   1852. 


APPENDICES  261 

Chase,  Lucius,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 

Chastin,  Elijah,  Georgia,  Huntress,  May  22,  1852. 

Cheatham,  Richard,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 

Chilton,  Adam,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Chilton,  Samuel,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  27,  1844. 

Chilton,  Mrs.  Sarah,  Virginia,  Huntress,  March  8,  1845. 

Chilton,  Thomas,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Chinn,  Thomas,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 

Chittenden,  Thomas,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840; 
April  18,  1840. 

Choate,  Bufus,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  September  25,  1841. 

Churchwell,  William,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  17,  1852. 

Cilley,  Joseph,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  August  1,  1846. 

Claibourn,  John,  Mississippi,  Paul  Pry,  July  16,  1836. 

Clapp,  Asa,  Maine,  Huntress,  May  20,  1848. 

Clark,  Beverly,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  April  8,  1848. 

Clark,  Horace,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  March  13,  1847. 

Clark,  John,  Rhode  Island,  Huntress,  March  2,  1848. 

Clark,  Lincoln,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  February  19,  1853. 

Clay,  Clement  C,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Clay,  Henry,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832;  August  9, 
1834;  Huntress,  May  18,  1850;  January  25,  1851. 

Clayton,  Augustine,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Clayton,  John  M.,  Maryland,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Clayton,  Thomas,  Delaware,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841. 

Clemson,  T.  G.,  Minister  to  Belgium,  Huntress,  July  27,  1844. 

Clemens,  Jeremiah,  (Clemmons),  Alabama,  Huntress,  Decem- 
ber 29,   1849. 

Cleveland,  Chauncey,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 

Clifford,  Nathan,  Maine,  Huntress,  December  28,  1839;  August 
8,   1840. 

Clinch,  Gen.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  May  25,  1844. 

Clingman,  Thomas,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  February  3,  1844. 

Clinton,  Mrs.  James,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  2,  1842. 

Clowney,  William,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 

Cobb,  Howell,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  6,  1844. 

Cobb,  Miss  Martha,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  29,  1850. 

Cobb,  Miss  Mary,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  25,  1848. 

Cobb,  Williamson,  Alabama,  Huntress,  March  18,  1848. 


262  APPENDICES 

Cobb,  Mrs.  "Williamson,  Alabama,  Huntress,  April  13,  1850. 
Cocke,  William,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  21,  1846. 
Cocke,  Mrs.  William,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  June  6,  1846. 
Coffee,  John,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Coleman,   Mrs.   National   Hotel,   Washington,   D.   C,  Huntress, 

August  15,  1846;  July  17,  1847. 
Collamer,  Mrs.  Jacob,  Vermont,  Huntress,  June  27,  1846. 
Collin,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  1,  1846. 
Collins,  — ,  Maryland,  Huntress,  November  3,  1844. 
Collins,  William,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  15,  1848. 
Colquitt,  Gen.  Alfred,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  20,  1847;  May 

27,  1854. 
Colquitt,  Walter,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Colquitt,  Mrs.  Walter,  Georgia,  Huntress,  April  6,  1844. 
Compton,  deaf-mute  clerk,  Treasury,  D.  C,  Huntress,  May  24, 

1845. 
Conger,  Harmon,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  1,  1850. 
Conger,  Mrs.  Harmon,  Huntress,  June  1,  1850. 
Connelly,  Owen,  Huntress,  June  2,  1849. 
Conrad,  Charles,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  June  4,  1842. 
Coons,  Miss  Mary,  Missouri,  Huntress,  December  20,  1851. 
Cooper,  James,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  14,  1840. 
Cooper,  Mark,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Cooper,  William,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  May  2,  1840. 
Corcoran,  W.  W.,  Washington,  D.   C,  Huntress,  February  21, 

1852. 
Corwin,  Moses,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  1,  1850;  July  24,  1854. 
Cottrell,  James  L.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  January  23,  1847. 
Coulton,  Richard,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Cousin,  J.  M.  S.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 
Cowen,  Benj.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 
Cummins,  John  D.,   (Commins),  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  6,  1846. 
Crafts,  Samuel,  (Crabb),  Vermont,  Huntress,  May  14,  1842. 
Craig,  Robert,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832;  June  20,  1840. 
Cranston,  Henry,  Rhode  Island,  Huntress,  January  6,  1844. 
Cranston,  Robert,  Rhode  Island,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Crary,  Isaac,  Michigan,  Huntress,  March  31,   1838. 
Crawford,  Thomas,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 


APPENDICES  263 

Crittenden,  John,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  May  22,  1847;  May  29, 
1847. 

Crittenden,  Mrs.  J.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  12,  1848. 

Crockett,  David,  Tennessee,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

Crockett,  John,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 

Cross,  Edward,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 

Crowell,  John,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  1,  1848. 

Crozier,  John,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 

Crozier,  Mrs.  John,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 

Cullom,  Alvan  (Alva),  Tennessee,  Huntress,  December  16,  1843. 

Cullom,  William,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  June  19,  1852. 

Cunningham,  Francis,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  7,  1846. 

Curtis,  Edward,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 

Cushing,  Caleb,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  July  7,  1838;  Sep- 
tember 5,  1840. 

Cutts,  James  Madison,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  Decem- 
ber 18,  1841. 

Culver,  Erastus,  Huntress,  March  7,  1846. 

Daguerrian,  S.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  13,  1846. 
Daniel,  John  R.,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Darby,  John  F.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  January  22,  1853. 
Darby,  Mrs.  John  F.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  January  22,  1853. 
Davies,    Edward,    Pennsylvania,     Huntress,     March    10,    1838; 

April  18,  1840. 
Davis,  Garret,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840;  Huntress, 

June  5,   1847. 
Davis,  Jefferson,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  December  25,  1847. 
Davis,  John,  Massachusetts,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Davis,  John,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Davis,  Mrs.  Joseph,  Huntress,  July  29,  1848. 
Davis,  Rich,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 
Davis,  Warren  R.,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Davison,  John  B.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 
Dawson,  William  D.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 
Dayton,  Edmund  S.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  July  18,  1846. 
Dayton,  William  L.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  August  20,  1842. 
Dean,  Ezra,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  12,  1841. 
Delano,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  7,  1846. 


264  APPENDICES 

Delano,  Mrs.,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  14,  1846. 

Dellet,  Mrs.  James,  Alabama,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 

DeMott,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846;  July  18, 
1846. 

Dennis,  John,  Maryland,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 

De  Sassure,  William  F.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  July  17,  1852. 

Dickerson,  Mahlon,  New  Jersey,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Dickinson,  Daniel  S.,  New  York,  Huntress,  December  14,  1844. 

Dickenson,  Mrs.  Daniel,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  16,  1846. 

Dickey,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  December  16,  1843. 

Dillet,  James,  Alabama,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 

Dillingham,  William  Paul,  Vermont,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 

Dimmick,  Melo  M.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  20,  1850. 

Dimock,  David,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  June  19,  1841. 

Dix,  John  A.,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  29,  1848. 

Dixon,  James,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  July  18,  1846. 

Dixon,  Nathan  F.,  Ehode  Island,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841; 
August  14,  1841;  May  4,  1850. 

Doan,  William,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 

Dobbin,  James  O,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 

Dockery,  Alfred,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  13,  1847. 

Dodge,  Mrs.  Augustus,  Iowa,  Huntress,  April  30,  1842;  Febru- 
ary 2,  1850;   October  23,  1852. 

Dodge,  Gen.  Henry,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  February  2,  1850. 

Dodge,  Mrs.  Henry,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  December  14,  1844. 

Doig,  Andrew,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 

Donelan,  Eev.,  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Washington,  D.  O,  Hun- 
tress, December  7,  1850. 

Donnell,  Eichard  S.,  North  Carolina,  (Mississippi),  Huntress, 
January  8,  1848. 

Doty,  Judge  James  Duane,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  February  16, 
1839. 

Doty,  Mrs.  James  Duane,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  February  23, 
1839. 

Douglass,  Stephen  A.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  3,  1844. 

Dow,  Mr.,  writer,  Huntress,  October  8,  1842. 

Dow,  Captain  Jesse,  Huntress,  June  29,  1844. 

Dowdell,  James  A.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  April  15,  1854. 

Dowdell,  Mrs.  James,  Alabama,  Huntress,  May  27,  1854. 


APPENDICES  265 

Dowling,  Col.  Thomas,  Indiana,  Huntress,  April  8,  1848. 

Downing,  Charles,  Florida,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838;  August 
29,   1840. 

Downs,  Solomon,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  July  22,  1848. 

Drennan,  Miss  J.  Anna,  Huntress,  February  28,  1846. 

Drum,  Augustus,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  18,  1854. 

Duer,  William,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  17,  1848. 

Duncan,  Alexander,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  14,  1840. 

Duncan,  Daniel,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  11,  1848. 

Duncan,  Mrs.  Daniel,  Ohio,  Huntress,  April  22,  1848. 

Duncan,  Garnett,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  12,  1848. 

Dunham,  Cyrus  L.,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 

Dunlap,  Gen.  Eobert,  Texan  Minister,  Huntress,  October  23, 
1839;    December   14,   1844. 

Dunn,  George  H.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  28,  1848;  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1838. 

Eckert,  George,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  8,  1848. 

Editors,  New  York  City,  Paul  Pry,  November  1,  1834. 

Edwards,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Edwards,  John  C,  Missouri,  Huntress,  August  20,  1842. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  Ohio,  Huntress,  April  22,  1848. 

Eghart,  Joseph,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 

Elliot,  Samuel,  (Eliot),  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  1,  1851. 

Elliot,  Seth,  Historian,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  June  29, 
1839. 

Ellis,  Mrs.  Chesedon  (Chesselden),  New  York,  Huntress,  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1845. 

Ellsworth,  Samuel,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 

Ellis,  Powhatan,  Mississippi,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Elmer,  Lucius,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  30,  1844. 

Elmore,  Franklin  H.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 

Elmore,  Mrs.  Franklin  H.,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 

Ely,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  December  28,  1839. 

Erdman,  Jacob,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 

Esdall,  Joseph,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  July  4,  1846. 

Essler,  Fanny,  dancer,  Huntress,  April  3,  1841. 

Evans,  Alexander,  Maryland,  Huntress,  April  29,  1848. 

Evans,  George,  Maine,  Huntress,  December  14,  1844. 


266  APPENDICES 

Evans,  Josiah,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  July  1,  1854. 
Evans,  Nathan,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  11,  1848. 
Everett,  Edward,  Massachusetts,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Ewing,  Edwin  H.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  April  18,  1846. 
Ewing,  John,  Indiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Ewing,  John  H.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  June  6,  1846. 
Ewing,  Thomas,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

Farlee,  Isaac,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 

Farrelly,  John  W.,  Huntress,  January  8,  1848. 

Featherstonehaugh,  Mr.,  geologist,  Huntress,  December  10,  1836. 

Felch,  Alpheus,  Michigan,  Huntress,  April  15,  1848. 

Felder,  John,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Fenton,  Charles  W.,  Editor  National  Whig,  Washington,  D. 
C,  Huntress,  May  27,  1848 ;  May  5,  1849. 

Fessenden,  William  Pitt,  Maine,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 

Ficklin,  Orlando,  Illinois,  Huntress,  May  4,  1844. 

Fillmore,  Millard,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838;  July 
25,  1850. 

Fish,  Hamilton,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  1,  1844. 

Fisher,  Charles,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  June  27,  1840. 

Fisher,  Daniel,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  1,  1848. 

Fletcher,  Eich,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 

Florence,  Elias,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  11,  1844. 

Florence,  Thomas  B.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  July  24,  1852. 

Flournoy,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February   12,   1848. 

Flournoy,  Mrs.  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  12,  1848. 

Floyd,  Benj.  E.,  Virginia,  Georgetown  College,  Paul  Pry,  Au- 
gust 6,  1836. 

Floyd,  Charles,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  19,  1842. 

Foote,  Henry  S.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  December  25,  1847. 

Ford,  Athanasius,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  December  5,  1846. 

Fornance,  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  21,  1840. 

Fornance,  Mrs.  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  15, 
1842. 

Forsyth,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Forward,  Walter,  Secretary-Treasury,  Huntress,  September  25, 
1841. 

Foster,  A.  Lawrence,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 


APPENDICES  267 

Foster,  Henry  A.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838 ;  De- 
cember 14,   1844. 
Foster,  Mrs.  Henry,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Foster,  Henry  D.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  30,  1844. 
Francis,  John  B.,  Ehode  Island,  Huntress,  March  16,  1844. 
Freedley    (Friedley),   John,   Pennsylvania,   Huntress,   April   1, 

1848. 
French,  Kichard,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  June  15,  1844. 
French,  William,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  December  5,  1846. 
Fries,  George,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  14,  1846. 
Fuller,  George,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  4,  1845. 
Fuller,  Henry  M.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  May  29,  1852. 
Fuller,  Thomas  J.  D.,  Maine,  Huntress,  February  23,  1850. 
Fuller,  Mrs.  Thomas,  Maine,  Huntress,  April  6,  1850. 
Fulton,  Andrew,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  12,  1848. 
Fulton,  John,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Fulton,  William  S.,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  1840. 

Gadsby,  John,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  November  30, 
1839. 

Gaines,  John  P.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  29,  1848. 

Gaines,  Mrs.  Myra  Clark,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841;  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1848 ;  May  5,  1848 ;  March  13,  1852. 

Gaither,  Henry,  Huntress,  March  25,  1848. 

Galbraith,  John,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 

Gales  and  Seaton,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  December  10, 
1853. 

Gallaudet,  Peter  W.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  June  15,  1839. 

Gallup,  Albert,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Gamble,  Eoger  L.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  19,  1842. 

Gamble,  Miss  Margaret,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  May  14,  1842. 

Gardner,  Eufust  K.,   (Gardiner),  Huntress,  December  15,  1849. 

Garland,  Eice,  Louisiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834;  Huntress, 
August  15,  1840. 

Garvin,  William  S.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 

Gates,  Seth  M.,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840. 

Gaylord,  James  M.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  26,  1852. 

Gentry,  Mrs.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  December  26,  1846. 


268  APPENDICES 

Gentry,   Mrs.   Meredith  P.,   Tennessee,  Huntress,   February  9, 

1850. 
Gerry,  Elbridge,  Maine,  Huntress,  April  13,  1850. 
Gerry,  James,  Pennsylvania,  (Georgia),  Huntress,  May  2,  1840. 
Geyer,  Henry  S.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  April  1,  1854. 
Giddings,  Joshua,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  23,  1839. 
Gilbert,  Edward,  California,  Huntress,  June  22,  1850. 
Gilchrist,  S.,  Maine,  Huntress,  March  28,  1853. 
Giles,  William  F.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  July  4,  1846. 
Gilman,  Governor,  Vermont,  (New  Hampshire),  Huntress,  June 

26,  1841. 
Gilmer,  Mrs.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  25,  1842. 
Gilmore,  Alfred,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  9,  1850. 
Gilmore,  Mrs.  Alfred,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  11,  1851. 
Given,  William,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  January  28,  1843. 
Given,  Mrs.  William,  California,  Huntress,  June  29,  1850. 
Goggin,  Mrs.  William  L.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  23,  1842. 
Goode,  Patrick,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 
Goode,  William  O.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Goodyear,  Charles,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 
Gordon,  Samuel,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  31,  1841. 
Gorman,  Willis  A.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  July  20,  1850. 
Gott,  Daniel,  New  York,  Huntress,  March   18,   1848;   June   1, 

1850. 
Gould,  Herman  D.,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  22,  1851. 
Graham,  Mrs.  Hartley,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  19,   1848. 
Graham,  James,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  14,  1840. 
Graham,  William,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  10,  1S38. 
Graham,  William  A.,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 
Graves,  William  J.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  24,  1838. 
Greeley,  Horace,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  17,  1849. 
Green,  Byram,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  4,  1844. 
Green,   Gen.   Duff,   Washington,   D.   C,   Huntress,   February   6, 

1847. 
Green,  James  S.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  May  6,  1848. 
Green,  Mrs.  James  S.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  June  24,  1848. 
Green,  Willis,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840. 
Greenwood,  Alfred  B.,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  June  24,  1854. 
Greenwood,  Grace,  Huntress,  July  20,  1850. 


APPENDICES  269 

Grennell,  George,  Jr.,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 

Greig,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 

Grider,  Henry,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  June  8,  1844. 

Griffin,  John  K.,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Grover,  Martin,  iMew  York,  Huntress,  May  30,  1846. 

Grundy,  Felix,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  September  28,  1839. 

Gustine,  Amos,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  July  10,  1841. 

Habersham,  Richard,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Hale,  Artemas,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  January  9,   1847. 
Hale,   John  P.,   New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  January   6,    1844; 

May   1,   1852. 
Hall,  Mrs.  Willard  P.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  June  24,  1848. 
Halloway,  Ransom,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  29,  1850. 
Halstead,  Miss  Anna,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  July  2,  1842. 
Halstead,  "William,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Halstead,  Mrs.  "William,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  30,  1842. 
Hamer,  Thomas  L.,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Hamilton,  "William,  Maryland,  Huntress,  February  23,  1850. 
Hamlin,  Mrs.  E.  S.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  15,  1845. 
Hamlin,  Hannibal,  Maine,  Huntress,  August  31,   1850. 
Hamlin,  Mrs.  Hannibal,  Maine,  Huntress,  February  25,  1854. 
Hammond,  Eobert  H.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Hammons,  David,  Maine,  Huntress,  May  20,  1848. 
Hampton,  James  G.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  18,  1846. 
Hampton,  Moses,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  December  26,   1850. 
Hampton,    Mrs.    Moses,    Pennsylvania,    Huntress,    January    26, 

1850. 
Hand,  Augustus,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Hannegan,   Edward   A.,   Indiana,   Paul  Pry,   August   9,    1834; 

Huntress,  February  10,  1841. 
Hannegan,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  Huntress,  February  22,  1845. 
Haralson,  Hugh,  Georgia,  Huntress,  February  17,  1844. 
Haralson,  Mrs.  Hugh,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  1,  1844. 
Haralson,  Misses,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  1,  1844. 
Hardin,  Benj.,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Hardin,  John  D.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  June  15,  1844. 
Harlan,  Andrew  J.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  9,  1850. 
Harlan,  Mrs.  Andrew  J.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  15,  1851. 


270  APPENDICES 

Harruanson,  John  H.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  May  2,  1846;   (Har- 

menson),  August  5,  1848. 
Harmanson,  Mrs.  John  H.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  August  5,  1848. 
Harper,   Alexander,   Ohio,  Huntress,  February  24,   1838;    May 

11,  1844. 
Harris,  Miss  Josephine,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  March  8,  1846. 
Harris,  Samson  W.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  December  25,  1847. 
Harris,  Wiley  P.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  18,  1854. 
Harris,  William  C,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  19,  1841. 
Harris,;  Mrs.  William  A.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  28,  1843. 
Harrison,  S.  H.,  Turfman,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  6,  1837. 
Harrison,  President  William  Henry,  Huntress,  March  6,  1841; 

March  13,  1841;  April  27,  1841. 
Harrison,  Mrs.  President,  Huntress,  April  24,  1841. 
Harvey,  Mr.,  Navy  Department,  Huntress,  October  31,  1846. 
Haskell,  W.  F.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  January  1,  1848. 
Haslines,  William  S.,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Hastings,  John,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Hastings,   Serraneus    (Syrenius),  Iowa,  Huntress,  January  30, 

1847. 
Havener,  Mr.,  Washington,  D.  O,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 
Hawes,  Albert,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Hawes,  Richard,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838;  May 

15,    1841. 
Hay,  Miss  Ellen,  Huntress,  January  22,  1842. 
Hayne,  Robert,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Hays,  Samuel  L.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  19,  1841;  April  27, 

1844. 
Haywood,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  September  28,  1850. 
Haywood,  William  H.,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  February  10, 

1844. 
Heath,  James  P.,  Maryland,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Hebard,  William,   (Hebart),  Vermont,  Huntress,  September  21, 

1850. 
Henley,  Thomas  H.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  December  23,  1843. 
Henn,  Bernhart,  Iowa,  Huntress,  June  19,  1852 ;  February  26, 

1853. 
Henry,  John,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  20,  1847. 
Henry,  William,  Vermont,  Huntress,  April  15,  1848. 


APPENDICES  271 

Hereford,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  27,  1850. 

Herod,  William,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 

Herrick,  Joshua,  Maine,  Huntress,  February  3,  1844. 

Hill,  Hugh  L.  W.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  May  5,  1848. 

Hill,  Isaac,  New  Hampshire,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Hill,  Miss,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  13,  1844. 

Hilliard,  Henry  W.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  May  23,  1846. 

Hillyer,  Junius,  Georgia,  Huntress,  December  13,   1851. 

Hoagland,  Moses,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  30,  1850. 

Hobbie,  Major  Selah,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  19,  1845. 

Hodsden,  Gen.  Isaac,  Maine,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 

Hoffman,  Michael,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Hoffman,  Ogden,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Hoge,  Joseph,  Illinois,  Huntress,  April  6,  1844. 

Holliday,  Alexander  E.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  15,  1851. 

Holmes,  Mrs.  Elias,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  9,  1846. 

Holmes,   Isaac  E.,   South  Carolina,  Huntress,  April   11,   1840 ; 

March  4,  1848. 
Holmes,  Mrs.  Isaac,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  June  22,  1844. 
Holt's  Hotel,  New  York  City,  Paul  Pry,  November  1,  1834. 
Hook,  Enos,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Hooker,  Miss,  Huntress,  April  6,  1850. 
Hopkins,  George  W.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Hopkins,    Mrs.    George   W.,   Virginia,   Huntress,   February    17, 

1844. 
Hotels  in  Washington,  Huntress,  November  30,  1839. 
Houck,  Jacob,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Houston,  George  S.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Houston,  Mrs.  George  H.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  March  19,  1842; 

May  27,  1848. 
Houston,  Gen.  Samuel,  Texas,  Huntress,  July  11,  1846. 
Howard,  Tilgham,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Howard,  Mrs.  Volney  E.,  Texas,  Huntress,  January  25,  1851. 
Howe,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  26,  1850. 
Howe,  Mrs.  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  19,  1850. 
Howe,  Miss,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  December  13,  1851. 
How   (Howe),  Thomas  M.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  December 

13,   1851. 
Hubbard,  David,  Alabama,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 


272  APPENDICES 

Hubbard,  Mrs.  David,  Alabama,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 

Hubbard,  Edmund,  Virginia,  Huntress,  August  28,  1841;  Jan- 
uary 30,  1847. 

Hubbard,  Mrs.  Edmund  W.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  13, 
1847. 

Hubbard,  Henry,  New  Hampshire,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832; 
Huntress,  February  11,  1837. 

Hubbell,  William  S.,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  13,  1844. 

Hubley  (Habley),  Edward  B.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March 
10,  1838. 

Hudson,  Charles,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  June  26,  1841. 

Hudson,  Master  Charles,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  August 
14,  1841. 

Hughes,  James  M.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  February  3,  1844. 

Hughes,  Mrs.  James  M.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  February  22,  1845. 

Hull,  James,  Huntress,  January  18,  1851. 

Hungerford,  Orville,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  30,  1844. 

Hunt,  Washington,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 

Hunter,  Eobert  M.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  27,  1840;  March 
13,  1847. 

Hunter,  General,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  15,  1845. 

Hunter,  Mrs.  General,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  15,  1845. 

Hunter,  William  H.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  24,  1838. 

Huntingdon,  S.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  July  18,  1840. 

Huntington,  Judge,  Indiana,  Huntress,  September  25,  1845. 

Ingersoll,  Colin,  Huntress,  August  28,  1852. 

Ingersoll,  Ealph,  Connecticut,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Irwin,  Mr.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  25,  1851. 

Irwin,  James,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  July  10,  1841. 

Irwin,  William  W.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  August  14,  1841. 

Ives,  Willard,  Huntress,  July  17,  1852. 

Ivy,  Master  Charles,  Senate  page,  Huntress,  May  25,  1854. 

Jack,  William,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  August  14,  1841. 
Jackson,  Thomas  B.,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Jackson,  William  J.,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  9,  1850. 
James,  Charles  T.,  Ehode  Island,  Huntress,  May  1,  1852. 
James,  Mrs.  Charles  T.,  Ehode  Island,  Huntress,  May  1,  1852. 
James,  Francis,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841. 


APPENDICES  273 

Jameson,  John,  Missouri,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 
Jarnagin,  Spencer,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  10,  1844. 
Jenkins,  Timothy,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  23,  1846. 
Jenks,  Judge  Michael,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 
Jenniss,  Benning,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  January  24,  1846. 
Jennifer,  Daniel,  Maryland,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Johnson    (Johnston),  Andrew,   Tennessee,  Huntress,  December 

2,   1843. 
Johnson,  Cave,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  April  9,  1845. 
Johnson,  Henry,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  June  13,  1846. 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Henry,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  July  29,  1848. 
Johnson,  H.  H.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  27,  1854. 
Johnson,  James,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  19,  1852. 
Johnson,  James  H.,  California,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 
Johnson,  James  L.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  September  21,  1850. 
Johnson,  Perley,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  3,  1844. 
Johnson,  Eeverdy,  Maryland,  Huntress,  July  18,  1846;  February 

5,  1848. 
Johnson,  Col.  Eobert  M.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  April  18,  1840; 

November  12,  1842;  March  25,  1848. 
Johnston,  Charles,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  1,  1840. 
Jones,  Benj.,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Jones,  George  W.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  December  2,  1843. 
Jones,  General    George,    Iowa,    Huntress,    February    2,    1850; 

August  24,   1850. 
Jones,  Mrs.  General  George,  Iowa,  Huntress,  February  2,  1850. 
Jones,  Isaac  D.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 
Jones,  Mrs.  Isaac,  Maryland,  Huntress,  January  22,  1840. 
Jones,  James  C,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  May  1,  1852. 
Jones,  Mrs.  James  C,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  24,  1854. 
Jones,  Nathaniel,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Jones,  Seaborn,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Julian,  George  W.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  June  8,  1850. 
Julian,  Mrs.  George,  Indiana,  Huntress,  June  8,  1850. 

Kane,  Elias,  Illinois,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832;  August  9,  1834. 
Kaufman,  Col.  David,  Texas,  Huntress,  August  1,  1846. 
Keim,  William  H.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Kelle,  Joseph,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  May  2,  1840. 


274  APPENDICES 

Kempshall,  Thomas,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840. 

Ken,  Mrs.  John,  Maryland,  Huntress,  June  22,  1850. 

Kennard,  George  L.,  Indiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

Kennedy,  Mrs.  Andrew,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  15,  1842. 

Kennedy,  John,  Maryland,  Huntress,  July  23,  1842. 

Kennon,  William,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  19,  1848. 

Kennon,  Mrs.  William,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  24,  1848. 

Kent,  Joseph,  Maryland,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 

Key,  P.  B.,  Washington,  D.  O,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 

King,  Daniel  P.,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  January  13,  1844; 
March  2,  1844. 

King,  Horatio,  Washington,  D.  O,  Huntress,  October  9,  1841. 

King,  James  G.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  February  16,  1850. 

King,  John,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834;  July  23,  1836. 

King,  Preston,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 

King,  Thomas  Butler,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840;  Octo- 
ber 27,  1849. 

King,  William  P.,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832;  August 
16,  1834;  July  23,  1836;  Huntress,  April  20,  1844. 

King,  Col.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  August  5,  1848. 

Kirkpatrick,  Mrs.  Littleton,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  13, 
1844. 

Kneeland,  Abner,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  July  21,  1838. 

Knight,  Mrs.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 

Knight,  Nehemiah,  Ehode  Island,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Knower,  Mrs.  Albany,  New  York,  Huntress,  November  23,  1839. 

Labranche,  Alec,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  March  9,  1844. 
Lahm,  Samuel,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  22,  1848. 
Lamar,  G.  A.,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Lamar,  Henry  G.,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Lane,  Amos,  Indiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Lane,  Henry  S.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  20,  1841. 
Lane,  Joseph,  Oregon,  Huntress,  June  26,  1852. 
LaPorte,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
La  Sere,  Emile,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 
Lasselle,  Hyacinth,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  17,  1849. 
Laurence,  Sidney,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  11,  1848. 
Lawler,  Joab,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  July  23,  1836. 


APPENDICES  275 

Lawrence,  Master,  Huntress,  January  18,  1851. 

Leadbetter,  Daniel  D.,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Leadbetter,  O.,  Huntress,  July  11,  1840. 

Leake,  Shelton  F.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  17,  1846. 

Leake,  Mrs.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  17,  1846. 

Lecompte,  Joseph,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  1,  1832. 

Leffler,  Shepherd,  Iowa,  Huntress,  January  30,  1847;  March  4, 
1848. 

Leet,  Isaac,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  10,  1840. 

Leigh,  Benj.  M.,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  July  30,  1836. 

Lehman,  Dr.,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  November  28,  1846. 

Lehman,  Mrs.  Dr.,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  November  28,  1846. 

Lenahan,  Kev.  H.,  Priest,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  No- 
vember 23,  1850. 

Leonard,  Moses  G.,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1845. 

Letcher,  John,  Virginia,  Huntress,  May  22,  1852. 

Levin,  Lewis  C,  Huntress,  March  13,  1847. 

Levy,  David,  Florida,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 

Lewis,  A.  Lewin,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  June  17,  1848. 

Lewis,  Abner,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  7,  1846. 

Lewis,  Dixon  H.,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832;  August  16,  1834; 
Huntress,  May  9,  1847;  June  5,  1847. 

Lewis,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Huntress,  March  8,  1857. 

Lindsley,  Dr.  Harvey  E.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  Au- 
gust 5,   1848. 

Linn,  Lewis  F.,  Missouri,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

Linn,  Arch  L.,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 

Linn,  Mrs.   Cumberland,  Huntress,  May   28,   1842. 

Littlefield,  Nathaniel  S.,  Maine,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 

Lockhart,  Mrs.  Hibernia,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  28,  1843. 

Long,  Edward,  Maryland,  Huntress,  June  27,  1846. 

Love,  James,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

Lowell,  Joshua,  Maine,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 

Lowell,  Mrs.,  Maine,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 

Loyall,  George,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 

Lucas,  Edward  P.,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 

Ludlow,  Mrs.  A.  M.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  11,  1848. 

Lumpkins,  John  H.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  May  18,  1844. 

Lumpkins,  Gov.  "Wilson,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  16,  1838. 


276  APPENDICES 

Lynde,  Wm.,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  June  24,  1848. 
Lyon,  Caleb,  Consul  to  China,  Huntress,  May  27,  1848. 
Lyon,  Chittenden,  Kentucky,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Lyon,  Francis  S.,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  July  23,  1836. 

McCarty,  Wm.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  25,  1840. 
McCarty,  Gen.  Jonathan,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  6,  1847. 
McCauslen,  Wm.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  4,  1844. 
MeClellan,  Abraham,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 
McClelland,  Eobt.,  Huntress,  July  11,  1846. 
McClernard,  Col.  John,  Illinois,  Huntress,  April  6,  1844. 
McClernard,  Mrs.  Col.  John,  Illinois,  Huntress,  April  6,  1844. 
McClure,  Chas.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
McCulloch,  Geo.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
McCulloch,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  1,  1854. 
McCulloch,  Mrs.  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  1,  1854. 
McDaniel,  William,  Huntress,  February  20,  1837. 
McDonald,  Joseph  E.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  15,  1851. 
McDonald,   Mrs.   Joseph   E.,   Indiana,   Huntress,   February   15, 

1851. 
McDowell,  James,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  18,  1846. 
McDowell,  Joseph,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  6,  1844. 
McDowell,  Master,  son  of  J.  J.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  8,  1845. 
McDowell,  Wm.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  14,  1846. 
McDuffie,  Geo.,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
McGaughey,  Edw.  W.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 
McHenry,  Mrs.  Wm.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  April  25,  1846. 
McHenry,  John  H.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 
McHenry,  August  W.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  23,  1850. 
Mcllvaine,  M.  Abraham,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  17, 

1844. 
McKean,  Samuel  P.,  Huntress,  August  16,  1834. 
McKean,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  4,  1842. 
McKennan,  Thomas  W.  L.,  Pennsylvania,  June  25,  1842. 
McKennan,  Thomas  M.,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Huntress,  June  25,  1842. 
McKinley,  John,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
McKirsock,  Thomas,  New  York,  Huntress,  September  14,  1850. 


APPENDICES  277 

McLanehan,  James  X.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  11, 
1851. 

McLaren,  Dr.  A.  A.,  U.  S.  A.,  Huntress,  March  21,  1840. 

McLean,  W.  P.,  Lebanon  Chronicle,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  Jan- 
uary 2,  1847. 

McLean,  Moses,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 

McLean,  Judge  John,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  January  26,  1830;  Hun- 
tress, November  4,  1843;  March  23,  1844;  January  17,  1846; 
December  25,   1847. 

McLean,  Finis,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 

McLelland,  Eobt.,  Michigan,  Huntress,  March  30,  1844. 

McLellan,  Eobt.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

McLene,  Jeremiah,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

McMackin,  Andrew,  Philadelphia  Saturday  Courier,  Huntress, 
November  28,  1846. 

McMillie,  Wm.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  8,  1851. 

McMullen,  Fayette,  Virginia,  Huntress,  April  13,  1850. 

McNulty,  Mrs.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  June  29,  1844. 

McNulty,  Mrs.  Caleb,  Huntress,  March  16,  1844. 

McNulty,  J.  C,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  6,  1844. 

McQueen,  John,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  June  29,  1850. 

MeBoberts,  Mrs.  Samuel,  Illinois,  Huntress,  May  28,  1842. 

McEoberts,  Samuel,  Illinois,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 

Mace,  Moulton,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 

Mace,  Daniel,  Huntress,  June  19,  1852. 

Macy,  John  B.,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  March  18,  1854. 

Maher,  Mrs.,  and  Indian  Delegation,  Huntress,  March  13,  1852. 

Mallory,  Dr.  Francis,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  20,  1841. 

Mallory,  Dr.  Francis,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  20,  1841. 

Mangum,  Willie  P.,  North  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832; 

Mann,  Horace,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  June  3,  1848. 
July  30,  1836;  Huntress,  May  29,  1847;  June  19,  1841. 

Mann,  Job,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  15,  1848. 

Marblehead  People,  Huntress,  August  31,  1850. 

Marchand,  Albert  G.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 

Mardis,  Samuel  W.,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 

Marsh,  George  P.,  Vermont,  Huntress,  March  8,  1845. 

Marshall,  Alfred,  Maine,  Huntress,  September  11,  1841. 

Marshall,  Thos.  F.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  September  25,  1841. 


278  APPENDICES 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 

Martin,  Barclay,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 

Martin,  Mrs.  B.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 

Martin,  Frederick  S.,  New  Ycrk,  May  29,  1852. 

Martin,  John  P.,  Huntress,  January  17,  1846. 

Martin,  Joshua  D.,  Alabama,  Paul  Pry,  July  23,  1836. 

Martin,  Mrs.  Morgan  L.,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  February  27, 
1847. 

Martin,  Mrs.  W.  L.,  Wisconsin,  Huntress,  February  21,  1846. 

Marvin,  Eichard  P.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Marvin,  Eichard  P.,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840 

Mason,  John  T.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 

Mason,  John  C,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  September  21,  1850. 

Mason,  Mrs.  Sampson,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  14,  1842. 

Mathiot,  Joshua,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  10,  1841. 

Matthew,  James,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  15,  1841. 

Matthews,  Eev.  William,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  Novem- 
ber 16,  1850;  death  of,  May  20,  1854. 

May,  Henry,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 

Maynard,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  31,   1841. 

Maxwell,  John  P.  B.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  10,  1830. 

Meacham,  James,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 

Meade,  Eichard  K,  Virginia,  Huntress,  April  1,  1848. 

Medill,  William,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  15,  1840. 

Medill,  William,  Ohio,  Huntress,  April  19,  1845. 

Meek,  A.  B.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  May  24,  1845. 

Menefee,  Eichard  H.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 

Meriweather,  James  A.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 

Merrick,  William  D.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  January  27,  1838. 

Metcalf,  Gen.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  29,  1848. 

Miller,  Jacob  W.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  September  14,  1841. 

Miller,  John  K.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  December  25,  1847. 

Miller,  John  K.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  September  25,  1847. 

Miller,  John,  Missouri,  Huntress,  March  21,  1840. 

Miller,  J.  W.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  September  4,  1841. 

Miller,  Mrs.  John  K,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  18,  1848. 

Miller,  Mrs.  John  K.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  18,  1848. 

Miller,  Stephen  D.,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 


APPENDICES  279 

Miller,  Stephen  D.,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Miller,  William  S.,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  20,  1837. 
Miller,  William  H.,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  December  5,  1846. 
Mitchell,  Anderson,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  June  11,  1842. 
Mitchell,  Eobert,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Mitchell,  Thomas  E,,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Mitchells,  Charles  F.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  21,  1840. 
Monroe,  Columbus,  Huntress,  September  28,  1839. 
Monroe,  James,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  14,  1840;  August 
Montgomery,  J.  C,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  19,  1842. 
Moor,  Wyman  B.,  Maine,  Huntress,  April  9,  1848. 
Moore,  John,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841. 
Moore,  John,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  February  27,   1841. 
Morehead,  Mrs.  C.  S.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  29,  1848. 
Morehead,  Col.,  Himtress,  January  1,  1848. 
Morehead,  J.  T.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 
Morehead,  Mrs.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  May  14,  1842. 
Morgan,  Charles  U,  Commodore,  Huntress,  January  31,  1844. 
Morgan,  Christopher,  New  York,  Huntress,  December  28,  1839. 
Morgan,  Mrs.  Col.,  U.  S.  A.,  Huntress,  June  17,  1848. 
Morgan,  Edward,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 
Morgan,  William  S.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  7,  1838. 
Morris,  Calvary,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 
Morris,  John  D.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  4,  1848. 
Morris,  Joseph,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  4,  1844. 
Morris,  Samuel  W.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Morris,  Thomas,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834.    August    15, 

1840. 
Morrow,  W.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  3,  1841. 
Morse,  Mrs.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  April  11,  1846. 
Morse,  J.  E.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  January  4,  1845. 
Morton,  Alex,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Morton,  Jackson,  Florida,  Huntress,  March  2,   1850. 
Morton,  Jeremiah,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  26,  1850. 
Muhlenberg,  Henry  A.,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

August  16,  1834. 
Murphy,  Charles,  Georgia,  Huntress,  December  13,  1857. 


280  APPENDICES 

Murphy,  Henry,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  15,  1845. 
Myers,  Mrs.,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  December  5,  1846. 

Navy  Department,  clerks,  Huntress,  December  18,  1841. 
Nayer,  Charles,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Neal,  Joseph  C,  Philadelphia,  Editor  Saturday  Gazette,  Hun- 
tress, November  28,  1846. 
Nelson,  John  Alton,  Gen.,  Huntress,  November  30,  1844. 
Nelson,  William,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  5,  1848. 
Nernhard,  Peter,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Nes,  Henry,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  January  27,  1844. 
Nes,  Walter  U.,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  19,  1850. 
Nesbit,  E.  A.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Newell,  William  A.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  11,  1848. 
Newton,  Eben,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  31,  1852. 
Newton,  Thomas,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Newton,  William,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  27,  1844. 
Newton,  Willoughby,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  27,  1844. 
Newton,  Mrs.  William  N.,  Huntress. 
Nicholas,  E.  C,  Louisiana,  Paxil  Pry,  July  16,  1836. 
Nicholas,  Kobert  G.,  Louisiana,  Paul  Pry,  July  16,  1836. 
Nicholson,  A.  O.  P.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Niles,  Mrs.  John  M.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  May  16,  1846. 
Ninen,  Archibold,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,  1S46. 
Nisbet,  Eugenius  A.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  August  14,  1841. 
Noble,  William  H.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Norris,  Moses,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  April  13,  1850. 
Noyes,  J.  C,  Maine,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 

Oddfellows,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  October  19,  1839. 

Ogle,  C,  Pennsylvania,  Hxmtress,  August  15,  1840. 

Ogle,  Gen.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 

Ogle,  Jackson,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  2,  1850. 

Olds,  Mrs.  Edson  P.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  5,  1853. 

Olds,  Edson  B.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  29,  1850. 

Oliver,  William  M.,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  31,  1841. 

Orr,  James  L.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  June  22,  1850. 

Osborne,  Thomas  B.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  March  14,  1840. 

Otis,  John,  Maine,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 

Outlaw,  David,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  May  5,  1848. 


APPENDICES  281 

Outlaw,  Mrs.,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  June  17,  1848. 

Owen,  A.  F.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  March  9,  1838. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale,  Jr.,  Huntress,  February  3,    1844;    March 

15,  1845. 
Owsley,  Bryan  Y.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  10,  1841. 

Page,  Col.,  Collector  of  Port,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  December 
5,  1846. 

Palen,  Eufus,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  8,  1840. 

Paridan,  James,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  10,  1838. 

Parmenter,  Wm.,  Maine,  Huntress,  March  2,  1839. 

Parker,  Amasa,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Parker,  Eiehard,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  8,   1851. 

Parker,  Mrs.  Richard,  Virginia,  Huntress,  Februay  8,  1851. 

Parker,  Mrs.  Samuel,  Indiana,  Huntress,  August  14,  1852. 

Perkins,  Jared,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  May  22,  1852. 

Parris,  Virgil  D.,  Maine,  Huntress,  February  16,  1839. 

Parris,  Gov.  A.  K.,  Maine,  Huntress,  June  1,  1839;  April  28, 
1849. 

Parsons,  B.  E.,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  May  19,  1849. 

Partridge,  Sani'l,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 

Patterson,  Sam'l  D.,  Philadelphia,  Editor  Post,  Huntress,  No- 
vember 28,  1846. 

Patterson,  Thos.  A.,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 

Patterson,  Wm.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 

Payne,  Mrs.  Wm.  W.,  Alabama,   Huntress,  January  28,   1843. 

Payne,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  15,  1857. 

Payne,  W.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 

Paynter,  Lemuel,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 

Pearce,  E.  J.,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Pearce,  James  A.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 

Peaslee,  C.  H.,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  March  18,  1848. 

Peasley,  Mrs.  Chas  H.,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  June  10, 
1848. 

Pendleton,  John  S.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  April  25,  1846. 

Penn,  Alex  G.,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  February  1,  1857. 

Pennypacker,   Isaac  S.,   Virginia,   Huntress,  March   3,   1838. 

Pennypacker,   Mrs.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  23,   1839. 

Perrill,  Augustus  L.,  Huntress,  March  14,   1846. 


282  APPENDICES 

Perry,  Thos.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 
Pettit,  Mrs.  John,  Indiana,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 
Pettit,  John,  Indiana,  Huntress,  April  13,  1844. 
Petriect,  Mrs.,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  22,  1848. 
Peyton,  Joseph  H.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  June  8,  1844. 
Peyton,  Sam'l,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  April  8,  1848. 
Phelps,  John  S.,   Missouri,  Huntress,  April  25,   1846. 
Phoenix,  J.  Philip,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  15,  1845. 
Pickens,  F.  W.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 
Pierce,  Franklin,  Huntress,  March  12,  1853;  July  1,  1854. 
Pitman,  Mrs.  P.,  Huntress,  April  20,   1850. 
Pitman,  Mrs.  P.,  Huntress. 

Plumer,   Arnold,   Pennsylvania,   Huntress,   March    10,    1858. 
Plummer,  Franklin  E.,  Mississippi,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832 ; 

August  4,  1834. 
Plummer,  Franklin,  Huntress,  December  8,   1838. 
Plunkett,  Eev.  Joseph  H.,  Huntress,  December  7,  1850. 
Polk,  James  K.,  Tennessee,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Polk,  Pres.,  Huntress,  July  17,  1847. 
Polk,  Wm.  H.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  April  17,  1852. 
Pollock,  James,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  May  18,   1844. 
Pope,  John,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 
Pope,  P.  H.,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Porter,  Jas.  Alex.,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Porter,  A.  S.,  Michigan,  Huntress,  August  14,  1841. 
Porter,  Augustus,  Michigan,  Huntress,  March  14,  1840. 
Potter,  Mrs.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Potter,  Wm.  W.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  10,   1838. 
Potter,  Emery  D.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Potter,   Elisha   E.,   Ehode   Island,   Huntress,   March   16,    1844; 

May  4,  1844. 
Powell,  Paulus,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  1,  1851. 
Powell,   Mrs.   Cuthbert,   Pennsylvania,   Huntress,   February   19, 

1842. 
Pratt,  James  T.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  July  24,  1854. 
Prentin,  John  H.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Preston,  J.  A.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  June  1,   1844. 
Preston,  Wm.  C,  South  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834; 

July  30,   1836. 


APPENDICES  283 

Preston,  Wm.  P.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  February  12,  1848. 
Price,  Sterling,  Missouri,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 
Proffit,  Geo.  H.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 
Putnam,    Harvey,    New    York,   Huntress,    February    16,    1839; 

May  5,  1848. 
Putnam,  Harvey,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  5,  1848. 
Purdy,  Smith  M.,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  13,  1844. 
Radcliffe,  Daniel,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 
Eagan,  Master  A.  H.,  page  in  Senate,  Huntress,  March  25,  1854. 
Eamsey,  Alexander,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  December  16,  1843. 
Ramsey,  Robert,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  September  4,  1841. 
Ramsey,  Wm.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  21,  1840. 
Randall,  Benj.,  Maine,  Huntress,  February  27,  1841. 
Randolph,  J.  B.,  U.  S.  N.,  Huntress,  March  29,  1845. 
Randolph,  Joseph  F.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Rathbun,  George,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  17,  1844. 
Rayner,  Kenneth,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 
Reding,  John  S.,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Reding,  Mrs.  John  S.,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  January  15, 

1842. 
Reed,  Gen.  Charles  M.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Reed,  Mrs.  Charles,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Reed,  Judge,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  19,  1848. 
Reed,  Robert,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  2,  1850. 
Reid,   David   S.,   North  Carolina,   Huntress,   March  30,    1844; 

January  17,  1846. 
Reilly,  Luther,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  July  7,  1838. 
Rencher,  Mrs.  Abraham,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  12, 

1842. 
Reynolds,  Captain,  U.  S.  A.,  Huntress,  October  19,  1839. 
Reynolds,  Gideon,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  20,   1848. 
Richardson,   Wm.   A.,   Illinois,   Huntress,   April  8,   1848. 
Richie,  Thomas,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  19,  1848. 
Riggs,  Lewis,  New  York,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Ripley,  Eleaza  W.,  Louisiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834;  July 

23,   1836. 
Ripley,  T.  O,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  9,  1847. 
Risley,  Elijah,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  1,  1850. 
Ritter,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  16,  1844. 


284  APPENDICES 

Rives,  Wm.  C,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,   1834. 
Roane,  Col.  J.  J.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  October  15,  1853. 
Robbins,  Asher,  Rhode  Island,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Robbins,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  23,  1850. 
Roberts,  Robert  W.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  23,  1844. 
Roberts,  Mrs.  Robert,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  December  26,  1846. 
Roberts,  Miss,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  20,  1847. 
Robinson,  Edward,  Maine,  Huntress,  March  2,  1839. 
Robinson,  John  L.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  December  25,   1847. 
Robinson,  Mrs.  John  L.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  June  10,  1848. 
Robinson,  John  M.,  Illinois,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Robinson,  Orville,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1845. 
Rockhill,  Wm.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  18,  1848. 
Rockwell,  Julius,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844 ;  April 

2,  1848;  April  20,  1850;  July  1,  1854. 
Rockwell,  Mrs.  Julius,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  April  22,  1848. 
Rodney,  George  B.,  Delaware,  Huntress,  September  4,  1841. 
Rogers,  Col.  Charles,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Roman,  J.  Dixon,  Maryland,  Huntress,  February  26,  1848. 
Roosevelt,  James  I.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  5,  1842. 
Root,  Erasmus,  New  York,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Root,  Joseph  M.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  9,  1846. 
Rose,  Robert  L.,  New  York,  Huntress,  September  14,  1850. 
Rowan,  Dr.,  Philadelphia,  Huntress,  January  23,  1847. 
Royall,   Captain  Wm.,  Virginia,  Huntress,   February  4,    1843; 

April  1,  1848. 
Ruff,  Dr.  James  H.,  Huntress,  May  14,  1842. 
Ruffington,  Joseph,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  23,  1844. 
Ruggles,  Benj.,  Ohio,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Rumsey,  David,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  11,  1848. 
Runk,  John,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 
Rusk,  Thomas  J.,  Texas,  Huntress,  April  25,  1846. 
Russell,  James   M.    (John),   Pennsylvania,  Huntress,   February 

19,  1842. 
Russell,  Jeremiah,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  6,  1844. 
Russell,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 
Russell,  Mrs.  Margaret,  Missouri,  Huntress,  December  20,  1851. 
Russell,  Wm.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  3,  1841. 
Ruter,  Mrs.  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  20,  1844. 


APPENDICES  285 

Salstonstall,    Lemuel,    Massachusetts,    Huntress,    February    16, 

1839. 
Sample,  Samuel  C,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Sanford,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  12,  1841. 
Santangelo,  Madam,  Huntress,  April  20,  1850. 
Sapp,  Wm.  E.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  24,  1854. 
Saunders,  Romulus,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  August  6,  1842. 
Sawtelle,  Cullen,  Maine,  Huntress,  June  6,  1846. 
Sawyer,  Samuel,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 
Sawyer,  Wm.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  7,  1846. 
Sawyer,  Mrs.  Wm.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  June  10,  1848. 
Scantland,  Major  J.  M.,  IT.  S.  A.,  Huntress,  August  12,  1848. 
Scheffer,  Dr.  Daniel,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Schley,  Wm.,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Schenck,  Eobert  O,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  25,  1844. 
Schoolcraft,    Mr.,    Indian    Commissioner,    Huntress,    December 

22,  1849. 
Scudder,  Zeno,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  December  13,  1851. 
Seaton,  Mrs.  W.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress,  May  27,  1848. 
Sebastian,  W.  K.,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  June  24,  1848. 
Seddon,  James  A.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  27,  1846. 
Sellers,  Augustine  R.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  August   14,  1841. 
Semple,  James,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  10,  1844;  February 

17,  1854. 
Senter,  Wm.  M.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  22,  1845. 
Severance,  Luther,  Maine,  Huntress,  May  18,  1844. 
Sevier,  Ambrose  H.,  Arkansas,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Sevier,  Miss  Ann  Maria,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  February  21,  1846. 
Sevier,  Col.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  April  18,  1840. 
Sevier,  Mrs.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  February  29,  1840. 
Sevier,  Mrs.  Matilda,  Arkansas,  Huntress,  February  28,  1846. 
Seymour,  David  L.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  2,  1844. 
Shepard,  Charles,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838. 
Sheplor,  Matthias,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  24,  1838. 
Shields,  Benj.  G.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  August  21,  1841. 
Shields,  Judge  James,  Illinois,  Huntress,  May  24,  1845. 
Shower,  Jacob,   Maryland,   Huntress,  March   18,   1854. 
Sibley,  Henry  S.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,   March  31,   1849. 
Sibley,  Mark,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,   1838. 


286  APPENDICES 

Sibley,  Mrs.  Mark,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Silliman,  Professor,  Yale  University,  Huntress,  March  13,  1852. 

Silsbee,  Nathaniel,  Massachusetts,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 

Silver,  H.  A.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  Apirl  7,  1849. 

Silver,  W.   P.,   Maryland,  Huntress,  March   31,   1849. 

Simons,  Samuel,   Connecticut,  Huntress,  February   17,   1844. 

Simonton,  Wm.,  Pennslyvania,  Huntress,  June  27,  1840. 

Simmons,  James  F.,  Ehode  Island,  Huntress,  June   19,   1841; 
August  14,  1841. 

Sims,  Leonard  H.,  Missouri,  Huntress,  January  10,  1846. 

Slade,  Wm.,  Vermont,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,   1832. 

Slade,  Charles,  Illinois,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 

Smart,  Ephraim,  Maine,  Huntress,  April  8,  1848. 

Smith,  Mr.,  Pittsburg,  artist,  Huntress,  April  1,  1837. 

Smith,  Albert,  Maine,  Huntress,  April   11,   1840. 

Smith,  Albert,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  4,  1845. 

Smith,  Caleb,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  18,  1844. 
28,  1839. 

Smith,  Hugh  N.,  New  Mexico,  Huntress,  May  4,  1850. 

Smith,  John  T.,  Pennsylvania,   Huntress,   March   23,   1844. 

Smith,  Perry,   Connecticut,  Huntress,  March  31,   1838. 

Smith,  Eobert,   Illinois,   Huntress,  May  25,   1844. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Sarah,  Stafford,  Virginia,  Huntress,  May  8,  1852. 

Smith,  Thomas,  Indiana,  Huntress,  September  28,   1839;   Jan- 
uary 4,  1840. 

Smith,  Mrs.    Thomas,   Indiana,   Huntress,   February   22,    1845. 

Smith,  Truman    (Freeman),    Connecticut,   Huntress,    December 

Smith,  Wm.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  March  19,  1842. 

Snow,  Wm.,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  28,  1852. 

Snyder,  Adam,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  10,  1838. 

Snyder,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  July  10,  1841. 

Soule,  Pierre,  Louisiana,  Huntress,  March  13,  1847. 

Southgate,  Wm.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  17,  1838. 

Speight,  Jesse,  North  Carolina,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832 ;  July 
30,  1836. 

Speight,  Mrs.  Jesse,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  May  9,  1846. 

Spence,  Thomas  A.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  April  13,  1844. 

Spencer,  James  B.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 


APPENDICES  287 

Spencer,  John   C,  Secretary   of  War,  Huntress,   November  6, 

1841. 
Sprague,  Peleg,  Maine,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Sprague,  Wm.,  Michigan,  Huntress,  March  5,  1842 ;  January  25, 

1851. 
Sprigg,  James  C,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  August  28,  1841. 
Stack,   Sarah,   District   of  Columbia,   Huntress,   December    16, 

1843. 
Stanton,  Frederick  P.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  18,  1846. 
Stanley,  Edward,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  April  18,  1840. 
Starkweather,  David,  Ohio,  Huntress,  April  18,  1846. 
Starweather,  George,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  15,  1848. 
Steenrod,  Lewis,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February   15,   1840. 
Steenrod,  Mrs.  Lewis,  Virginia,  Huntress,  May  28,  1842. 
Stephens,  Alexander  H.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  February  28,  1846; 

December  25,  1847. 
Stetson,  Lemuel,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  13,  1844. 
Stevenson,  Andrew,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,   1832. 
Stewart,  Andrew,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Stewart,  Archibald,  Virginia,  Huntress,  March  3,   1838. 
Stewart,  Mrs.  J.  T.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  February  19,  1842. 
Stiles,  Wm.  H.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  February  17,  1844. 
St.  John,  Daniel,  New  York,  Huntress,  June  17,  1848. 
St.  John,  Henry,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  27,   1844;   January 

4,   1845. 
St.  Martin,  Louis,  Huntress,  July  31,  1852. 
Stoddard,  John  T.,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Stone,  James  W.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 
Stone,  Mrs.  James  W.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  22,  1845. 
Stratton,  Charles,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  March  10,  1838. 
Strohm,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  April  25,  1846. 
Strong,  Miss,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  9,  1846. 
Strong,  Selah,  New  York,  Huntress,  February  17,  1844. 
Strong,  Theron,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  25,  1840. 
Strong,  Mrs.  Theron,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  11,  1846. 
Strong,  Wm.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  4,  1848. 
Stuart,  Mrs.  A.  H.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January  22,   1842. 
Stuart,  Charles  E.,  Michigan,  Huntress,  April  8,  1848. 
Stuart,  John,  Illinois,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 


288  APPENDICES 

Sturgeon,  Daniel,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  27,  1847. 
Summers,  George  W.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  26,   1841. 
Summers,  Mrs.   Geo.   W.,  Huntress,  January   22,   1842. 
Sumner,  Charles,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  August  7,  1852. 
Sumpter,  Thomas  D.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  July  24,  1841. 
Swart,  Alexander  H.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  26,  1841. 
Swearingen,  Henry,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  16,   1839 ;   July 

25,  1840. 
Sweeney,  George,  Ohio,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 
Sykes,  George,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  June  1,  1844. 
Sylvester,  Peter  H.,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  6,  1848. 

Tallmadge,  Frederick  A.,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  6,  1848. 
Tallmadge,  Nathaniel  P.,  New  York  and  Wisconsin,  Huntress, 

February  27,  1841;  July  13,  1844. 
Taylor,  Miss  Mary,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  13,  1847. 
Taylor,  Nathaniel  G.,   Tennessee,  Huntress,  July  24,   1854. 
Taylor,  President,  Huntress,  March  17,  1849;   April  28,   1849. 
Taylor,  Wm.,  New  York,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Taylor,  Wm.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  June  1,  1844. 
Taylor,  Mrs.  Wm.,  Huntress,  June  1,  1844. 
Tazewell,  Littleton  W.,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Thomas,  Dr.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  June  29,  1839. 
Thomas,  Philomon,  Louisiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Thomas,  William    (Francis),  Maryland,  Paul  Pry,  August   16, 

1834. 
Thomason,  Wm.  P.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  10,  1844. 
Thompkins   (Tompkins),  Patrick,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March 

18;   1848. 
Thompson,  Benj.,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  7,  1846. 
Thompson,  Mrs.  Benj.,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  14,  1846. 
Thompson,  Dr.,   Columbus,   Ohio,   Huntress,  January   10,   1852. 
Thompson,   Jacob,   Mississippi,   Huntress,   March   7,    1840. 
Thompson,  Mrs.  Jacob,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  January  22,  1842. 
Thompson,  John  B.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  29,  1848. 
Thompson,  Judge,   District   of   Columbia,  Huntress,  September 

7,  1844. 
Thompson,  Richard   W.,    Indiana,    Huntress,    August    7,    1841; 

January  29,   1848. 


APPENDICES  289 

Thompson,  Robert  A.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  July  22,   1848. 
Thompson,  Waddy,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  March  3,  1838; 

May  11,  1834;  January  18,  1851. 
Thompson,  Wiley,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Thompson,  Wm.,  Iowa,  Huntress,  February  19,  1848. 
Thurman,  John  R.,  New  York,  Huntress,  September  14,  1850. 
Thurman,  Mrs.  John  R.,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  15,  1851. 
Thurston,  Samuel  P.,  Maine  and  Oregon,  Huntress,  February 

23,  1850. 
Tibbets,  Miss  Jane,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  February  13,  1847. 
Tibbets,  Mrs.  John  W.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  March  14,  1846. 
Tilden,  Daniel  R.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  February  3,  1844. 
Tillinghast,  Joseph,  Rhode  Island,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838; 

February  1,  1840. 
Tipton,  John,  Indiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  9,  1834. 
Titus,  Obadiah,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Toland,  George  W.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  24,  1838. 
Tomlinson,  Thomas  A.,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  7,   1841. 
Towns,  George,  Georgia,  Huntress,  June  27,  1846. 
Towns,  Mrs.  George  W.,  Georgia,  Huntress,  February  23,  1839. 
Townsend,  Eleazar  L.,  New  York,  Huntress,  September  11,  1841. 
Tredway    (Treadway),  Wm.   M.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  January 

17,  1846. 
Trotti,  S.  W.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  January  28,  1843. 
Troup,  George  M.,  Georgia,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Trumbo,  Andrew,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  March  7,   1846. 
Trumbo,  Mrs.   Andrew,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  January  9,   1847. 
Triplett,  Philip,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 
Tuck,   Mrs.   Amos,   New   Hampshire,   Huntress,   December   20, 

1851. 
Tucker,  Tilghman,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  March  30,  1844. 
Turner,  Thomas  J.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  March  18,  1848. 
Turner,  Mrs.  Thomas  J.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  July  29,  1848. 
Turney,  Hopkins  L.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  February  17,   1838. 
Tyler,  Asher,   New  York,   Huntress,   January   4,   1845. 
Tyler,  John,   Virginia,   Paul  Pry,  July   28,   1832;    August    16, 

1834. 

Underwood,  Joseph  R.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 
Underwood,  Mrs.  Joseph  R.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  13,  1850. 


290  APPENDICES 

Upham,  Gen.  Wm.,  Vermont,  Huntress,  February  10,  1844;  May 

27,  1847. 
Upsher,  Secretary,  Virginia,  Huntress,  November  6,  1841. 

Vail,  George,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  15,  1854. 

Vail,  Mrs.  George,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  15,  1854. 

Vail,  Miss,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  April  15,  1854. 

Van  Buren,  Col.  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  March  25,  1848. 

Van  Buren,  President  Martin,  Huntress,  March  11,  1837;  May 

6,  1837. 
Van  Dyke,  John,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  May  6,  1848. 
Van  Meter,  John,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  11,  1844. 
Van  Ness,  Mrs.,  "Washington,  D.  C.,  Huntress,  August  31,  1839. 
Vance,  Joseph,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  11,  1844. 
Venable,  Abraham,  North  Carobna,  Huntress,  April  29,   1848. 
Verplanck,  Gulian,  New  York,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Vroom,  Peter  D.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  July  18,  1840. 

Wade,  Benj.  F.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  January  10,  1852. 
Wagener,  David  D.,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834; 

July  25,  1840. 
"Waggaman,  George  A.,  Louisiana,  Paul  Pry,  August  4,  1832. 
Wagner,  Peter,  New  York,  Huntress,  December  28,  1839. 
Waldo,  Loren  P.,  Connecticut,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 
Wales,  John,  Delaware,  Huntress,  August  31,  1850. 
Walker,  Eobert,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  July  16,  1836. 
Wallace,  David,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  5,   1842. 
Walsh,  Thomas  Y.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  July  31,  1852. 
Ward,  Aaron,  New  York,  Paul  Pry,  July  28,  1832. 
Ward,  Wm.  T.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  July  17,  1852. 
Warren,  Cornelius,  New  York,  Huntress,  May  5,  1848. 
Warren,  Lott,  Georgia,  Huntress,  January  4,  1840. 
Washburn,  Israel,  Maine,  Huntress,  December  13,  1851. 
Washington,  P.  G.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  April  19, 

1845. 
Washington,  W.  H.,  North  Carolina,  Huntress,  July  17,  1841. 
Watterson,  Harvey  W.,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  March  7,  1840. 
Watkins,  Albert,  Tennessee,  Huntress,  January  25,  1851. 
Waugh,  J.  H.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  September  25, 

1841. 


APPENDICES  291 

Waugh,  Mrs.,  District  of  Columbia,  Huntress,  July  24,   1854. 
Webster,    Daniel,    Massachusetts,    Paul    Pry,    July    28,    1832; 

Huntress,  May  22,   1847;  May  18,  1850;  October  30,  1852. 
Webster,  Miss,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  March  31,  1838. 
Weightman,   Richard,    Maryland   and   New   Mexico,    Huntress, 

June  26,  1852. 
Welch,  John,  Ohio,  Huntress,  July  31,  1852. 
Wellborn,  Marshall,  Georgia,  Huntress,  September  21,  1850. 
Weller,  John  B.,  Ohio  and  California,  Huntress,  February  15, 

1840;  June  7,  1845;  May  29,  1852;  February  25,  1854. 
Weller,  Mrs.  John  B.,  Ohio  and  California,  Huntress,  December 

4,  1847. 
Wentworth,  John,  Illinois,  Huntress,  March  30,  1844;  January 

4,  1851. 
Wentworth,  Mrs.  John,  Illinois,  Huntress,  January  18,  1851. 
Wentworth,  Tappan,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  April  1,  1854. 
Westbrook,  John,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  June  12,  1840. 
Wetherell,  John,  Maryland,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844. 
Wharton,  Col.,  Texan  Minister,  Huntress,  January  7,  1837. 
Wheaton,  Horace,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  27,  1844;  July 

18,  1846. 
White,  Albert  S.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  February  10,  1838. 
White,  Mrs.  Albert  S.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  March  8,  1845. 
Wiekliffe,  Charles  A.,  Kentucky,  Huntress,  November  6,  1841. 
Wight,  Otis,  Rittenhouse  Academy,  Washington,  D.  C,  Huntress, 

July  2,  1853. 
Wilcox,  Leonard,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  May  14,  1842. 
Wildrick,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 
Wiley,  James  S.,  Maine,  Huntress,  April  15,  1848. 
Wilkins,  Wm.,  Pennsylvania,  Paul  Pry,  August   16,   1834. 
Williams,  Christopher   H.,   Tennessee,   Huntress,   February   17, 

1838;  March  24,  1838. 
Williams,  Henry,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  December  28,  1839. 
Williams,  James  W.,  Maryland,  Huntress,  August  14,  1841. 
Williams,  Joseph,    Tennessee,    Huntress,   July    23,    1842;    Feb- 
ruary 17,  1838. 
Williams,  S.  S.,  Washington,  D.  O,  Huntress,  July  1,  1848. 
Williams,  Thomas  H.,  Mississippi,  Huntress,  February  16,  1839; 
December  28,  1839. 


292  APPENDICES 

Wilmot,  David,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  February  7,  1846. 
Wilmot,  Mrs.   David,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,   June   13,   1846. 
Wilson,  Edgar  C,  Virginia,  Paul  Pry,  August  16,  1834. 
Wilson,  James,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  May  20,  1848. 
Winston,  Miss  Eliza,  Alabama,  Huntress,  January  28,  1843. 
Winthrop,  Robert  C,  Massachusetts,  Huntress,  July  3,  1841. 
Wise,  A.  A.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  August  15,  1840. 
Wise,  Henry  A.,  Virginia,  Huntress,  October  21,  1837. 
Wood,  Amos  S.,  Ohio,  Huntress,  May  25,  1850. 
Wood,  Fernando,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 
Woodbridge,  William,  Michigan,  Huntress,  August  14,  1841. 
Woodbridge,  Mrs.  William,  Michigan,  Huntress,  June  25,  1842. 
Woodbury,  Levi,  New  Hampshire,  Huntress,  May  18,  1839. 
Woodbury,  Mrs.   Levi,   New  Hampshire,   Huntress,   March   26, 

1842. 
Woodbury,  the  Misses,  Huntress,  March  26,  1842. 
Woodruff,  Thomas,  New  York,  Huntress,  January  30,  1847. 
Woodward,  Joseph  A.,  South  Carolina,  Huntress,  December  16, 

1843;   April  11,  1846. 
Woodworth,  Wm.  W.,  New  York,  Huntress,  April  4,  1846. 
Wright,  George  W.,  California,  Huntress,  March  1,  1851. 
Wright,  Mrs.  George  W.,  California,  Huntress,  March  1,  1851. 
Wright,  Joseph  A.,  Indiana,  Huntress,  December  23,  1843. 
Wright,  Wm.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress,  June  22,  1844. 
Yancey,  W.  L.,  Alabama,  Huntress,  January  11,  1845. 
Yates,  Eichard,  Illinois,  Huntress,  January   10,   1852. 
Yorke    (York),  Thomas  J.,  New  Jersey,  Huntress.  March  10, 

1838. 
Yost,  Jacob  S.,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  March  23,  1844. 
Yost,  Mrs.  Jacob,  Pennsylvania,  Huntress,  June  13,  1846. 
Young,  Augustus,  Vermont,  Huntress,  September  4,  1841. 
Young,  Bryan  (Bryam),  Kentucky,  Huntress,  May  16,  1846. 
Young,  John,  New  York,  Huntress,  August  7,  1841. 
Young,  Judge,   Illinois,  Huntress,  April  24,   1847. 
Young,  Lieut.,  U.  S.  N,  Huntress,  October  19,  1839. 
Young,  Richard  M.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  January  27,  1838. 
Young,  Mrs.  Richard  M.,  Illinois,  Huntress,  May  2,  1840. 
Yulee    (Levy),   Mrs.   David,   Florida,   Huntress,   February   27, 

1847. 


Ind 


ex 


Ind 


ex 


Adams,  John,  71. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  37,  62, 

94,  213,  221. 
Alabama,  55. 

Alexandria   Phoenix,    164. 
Alexandria,  Va.,  60. 
Amelia   County,  Va.,  44. 
Anti-Masons,  92  ff. 
Archer,  William,  43. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  19,  26. 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Eailroad, 

62. 
Baptists,  107. 
Batavia,   N.  Y.,  95,  96. 
Beecher,  Dr.  Lyman,  127. 
Beef  Monopoly,  The,  184. 
Benton,     Col.     Thomas     H., 

146,  164,  205. 
Blair,  Francis  P.,   159,  160, 

163. 
Blair,  Montgomery,  160. 
Bonaparte,  Joseph,  67. 
Boston  Commercial,  77,  112. 
Boston,  Mass.,  68. 
Brainard,  Charles  EL,  191. 
Bremer,  Frederika,  178. 
Burlington,  Vt.,   101. 
Bermuda   Hundred,  Va.,   39. 
Butler,  Anne,  34. 
Butler,    James,    29,    33,    34, 

194. 


Butler,  Mrs.,  mother  of  Anne 
Boyall,   33,    194. 

Cabell  Court  House,  48. 
Calhoun,  John  C,  159. 
Calvert,  Lord,  19. 
Calvanism,  114. 
Carey,    Alice,    178. 
Carrahan,  Aunt  Molly,  25. 
Catholics,    107. 
Charleston,  Va.,  47. 
Chatham       Theatre,       New 

York,   100. 
Church  and  State  Party,  116 

ff. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  62,  122. 
City  Hotel,  Alexandria,  Va., 

60. 
City  Point,  Va.,  39. 
Claggett,  M.  E.,  60. 
Clay,   Henry,    164,    186. 
Clerc,  Laurent,   72. 
Clinton,  Gov.  DeWitt,  66,  96. 
Connersville,    Ind.,    30,    195. 
Cowan,  Mr.,  30. 
Cranch,  Chief  Justice,  136. 

Daguerreotype,  The  First, 

190. 
Deniston,    Fort,    27. 
Dickens,  Charles,  178. 
Dodge,      Augustus      Caesar, 

208. 


296 


INDEX 


Dodge,  Henry,  208. 
Dorrets,    The,    61. 
Dowling,  John,  195. 
Dowling,    Thomas,    144. 
Dunahan,  Paddy,  25. 
Dunmore,  Lord,  38. 

Eaton,  John  H.,  142. 
Edes,   General,   69. 
Elizabeth,  Queen,  26. 
Ely,  Dr.,  142. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  115. 
Erie  Canal,  The,  62,  66. 
Evangelicals,  115  ff. 
Everett,  Edward,  70. 

Fenton,  C.  W.,  185. 
Fineastle,   Va.,   34. 
Findlay,  Congressman,  25. 
Florence,  Ala.,  53. 
Forbes,  General,  31. 
Frederick  the  Great,  26. 
Freemasonry,  92  ff. 
Freemont,  Jqhn  C,  211. 
Fuller,  Margaret,  80. 

Gales,  Joseph,  159,  218. 
Gallaudet,  Eev.  Dr.  Thomas, 

72. 
Ganson,  Major,  95. 
George  I,  26. 
Gilbert,  Edward,  211. 
Glooe,  The,  159. 
Grant,  Eva,  34. 
Green,   Gen.   Duff,   159. 
Greensburg,  Pa.,  31. 
Greenwood,  Grace,   178. 
Guilford,  Courthouse,  N.  C, 

38. 
Gwyn,  "William  M,  211. 


Hale,  Sabah  Jane,  178. 
Hamilton,  Mrs.  Sarah,  35. 
Hanna,  Mrs.,  32. 
Hanna,  Eobert,  31. 
Hannastown,    Fort,    27,    30, 

31,   32. 
Harrington,  Lord,  26. 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,   111. 
Hartford    Asylum    for    the 

Deaf  and  Dumb,  72. 
Hartford,  Conn.,  72. 
Harvard  University,  108. 
Hemans,  Mrs.,  178. 
Henry,  Patrick,  38. 
High  Tariff,  172. 
Hill,  Isaac,  170. 
Holmes,  O.  W.,  178. 
Huntress,    The,    168,    177   ff. 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  60. 

Intelligencer,   The  National, 

159. 
Irving,  Washington,  56. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  49,  143, 
155  ff. 

Jefferson,    Joseph,    219. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  37,  46. 

Johnson.  Richard  M.,  153. 

Johnston,  Senator,  189. 

Jones,  George  W.,  179. 

Jones,  Mrs.  George  W.,  trib- 
ute to,  179. 

Kendall,  Amos,  159,  222. 
Kennahway  County,  Va.,  43. 
Kercheval's  Virginia,  21,  28. 
Key,  Francis  Scott,  139. 

Lafayette,  37,  39;  his  visit 
to  Boston,  70. 


INDEX 


297 


LeRoy,  New  York,  95. 
Letters  from  Alabama,  51. 
Letters     on     Masonry     and 

Anti-Masonry,  93. 
Loyalhanna,  18,  21. 

McClean,  Judge,  203. 

Madison,  Dolly,  86. 

Madison,  James,  86. 

Maloney,  Mrs.  Eva  Grant, 
34,  35,  46. 

Markle,  N.  B.,  203. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  78,  222. 

Martin,  Judge,  75. 

Martin,  Rev.  William,  36. 

Maryland,  Proprietary  gov- 
ernment of,  19. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  170. 

Massachusetts  Legislature, 
108. 

"Matt,"  48,  50,  56,  58. 

Matthews,  Father  William, 
120,  223. 

Melton's  Bluff,  53,  56. 

Methodists,  107. 

Middle  Mountain,  Va.,  34. 

Middle  River,  Va.,  18. 

Miller,  David  C,  95. 

Millers  Station,  27,  29,  32. 

Missionary,  The,  119. 

Mississippi  River,  The,  204, 
205. 

Mitford,  Miss,  178. 

Monroe,  President,  62. 

Monroe,  Va.,  42. 

Montgomery,  Ala.,  Journal, 
128. 

Moore's  Settlement,  27,  29. 

Morgan,  William,  92  ff. 


Morse,  Professor,  190. 
Mount  Pisgah,  20,  23,  27,  30. 

New  England  Almanac  of 

1830,  106. 
New       England       Religious 

Weelcly,  The,  167. 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  72. 
New  Orleans,  La.,  54,  206. 
Newport,   Anne,   18,   31,   33, 

35,  45. 
Newport,    William,    18,    19, 

29. 
New  York  City,  67. 
Niagara  Falls,  80. 
Niagara,  Fort,  97. 
Northampton,  Mass.,  64. 
Nullifiers,  172. 

O'Reilley,  Henry,  98. 
O'Shean,  Dennis,  25. 

Paul  Pry,  147  ff,  166  ff. 
Pendleton,  Miss  Lucinda,  94. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  39. 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  63. 
Pitt,  Fort,  31. 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  88. 
Polk,  James  K.,  186. 
Pomeroy,  Dr.,  103. 
Portland,  Me.,  62. 
Presbyterians,   107. 
Price,   Thomas,   34. 
Providence,  R.  I.,  74. 
Public  Documents,  Index  to, 
215. 

Randolph,  John,  83. 
Richmond,  Va.,    38,   61. 
Rives,  John  C,  159. 


298 


INDEX 


Eoosevelt,  James  L,  83,  84, 

192. 
Boyall,  Captain,  33,  34,  41, 

42,  45,  46. 

Saint  Stephen's,  Ala.,  60. 

Salem,  Mass.,  74,  100. 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  67. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  53. 

Savannah,  a  sailing  packet, 
63. 

Seott,  Walter,  57. 

Seaton,  William,   159. 

Sharpe,  Governor,  19. 

Shields,  Fort,  27. 

Sigourney,  Mrs.,  178. 

Sketches  of  History,  Life 
and  Manners  in  the  United 
States,  60,  62. 

Slavery,  55. 

Sophia,  Electress  of  Han- 
over, 26. 

Specie  Circular,  182. 

Spofford,  A.  B.,  231. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  64,  65. 

Stack,  Mrs.  Sarah,  151  ff. 

Stage  Coach  Advertising,  63. 

Staunton,  Va.,  34. 

Stone,  William  L.,  94. 

Story,    Judge,    81. 

Strickland,   Agnes,    178. 

Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  34,  37, 
41. 


Taliaferro,  Judge,  37. 
Telegraph,  the  first,  190. 
Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  203. 
Thruston,  Judge,  138. 
Tocqueville,  M.,  158. 
Tracts,    117   ff. 
Trollope,  Mrs.,   78. 

United  States  Bank,   163, 

169  ff. 
Unitarianism,   115,   133. 
United     States      Telegraph, 

159. 
Universalism,  115. 

Van  Buren,  President,  181. 

Washington,  D.  C,  53,  59, 
61,  63,  119,  153. 

Washington,  Early  Journal- 
ism in,  231. 

Waterson,  Mr.,  139. 

Webster,  Daniel,  188. 

Weed,  Thurlow,  97  ff. 

Westminster  Confession,  115. 

Wharton,  Dr.  Thomas,  36. 

White,  Judge,  180. 

Willis,  M.  P.,   178. 

Wirt,  William,  110. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  64. 

Wright,  Frances,  78,  155. 

Wright,  George  W.,  211. 


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